60 0 obj Figure 2. J Neurophysiol 82(6):3066–3081, Torres-Oviedo G, Ting L (2007) Muscle synergies characterizing Human postural responses. Not affiliated The muscles activated in response to different perturbation directions was generally similar in standing and walking, but could vary greatly in magnitude (Figure 1). Subdivisions of primary motor cortex based on cortico-motoneuronal cells.
103, 844–857. J Neurophysiol 92(2):808–823, Macpherson JM, Fung J (1999) Weight support and balance during perturbed stance in the chronic spinal cat. 81 0 obj B., Honeycutt, C. F., and Perreault, E. J. “Decomposing muscle activity in motor tasks: methods and interpretation,” in Motor Control, eds F. Danion and L. Mark (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 102–138.
The size of the data matrix varied across subjects and walking speeds since no time-normalization was performed on walking cycles, but each subject's data matrix had greater than 1044 points for each of the 16 muscles. (2009). J. Biomech. Locomotor strategy for pedaling: muscle groups and biomechanical functions.
To this end, we used an iterative algorithm that held fixed the muscle synergies extracted from standing data while optimizing a new set of muscle synergies extracted from the remainder of the variability in the walking perturbation data not accounted for by the standing muscle synergies (Cheung et al., 2009; Torres-Oviedo and Ting, 2010; Chvatal et al., 2011). 57, 212–221. (2006). 165, 299–321.
590, 2189–2199. endobj Further, motoneuron excitability may vary with joint angle (Hyngstrom et al., 2007), causing differences in apparent muscle synergy composition across postures. (2005). Gentner, R., and Classen, J. Therefore, muscle synergies may form a modular repertoire of actions that is specific to any given motor task, but recruited by a variety of neural pathways governing different motor behaviors. dots extending from each initial posture show the hand’s movement over the first 150 ms of ICMS. Rossignol, S., Chau, C., Brustein, E., Belanger, M., Barbeau, H., and Drew, T. (1996). J. Neurophysiol. Brain Res 457, 181–187.
Nature 478, 387–390. Brain Res. II. When muscle synergies extracted from perturbation responses during standing were used to reconstruct perturbation responses during walking, 1.7 ± 0.5 (range 1–2) additional muscle synergies specific to slow walking perturbations, and 2.4 ± 0.8 (range 1–3) additional muscle synergies specific to self-selected walking perturbations were required to explain the variability. The effect of Tai Chi Quan and computerized balance training on postural stability in older subjects. To compare muscle activity during directional balance control, we imposed twelve directions of support-surface perturbations during standing and walking at self-selected and slow speeds.
D'Avella, A., Portone, A., Fernandez, L., and Lacquaniti, F. (2006). A simple experimentally based model using proprioceptive regulation of motor primitives captures adjusted trajectory formation in spinal frogs.
Seven healthy subjects (four male, three female) between the ages of 19 and 26 responded to support surface translations according to an experimental protocol that was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University. J. Neurophysiol. Such information may be important in identifying specific neural pathways that should be targeted for rehabilitation interventions, as well as for predicting generalized deficits in motor behaviors that are not specific to the particular tasks performed. In a combined extraction, there is a possibility of one condition dominating the others, so most of the results presented are comparisons of the muscle synergies identified from the independent datasets. Exp. Horak, F. B., and Nashner, L. M. (1986). Mag.
100, 2235–2253. The order in which the blocks were presented was randomized for each subject. The shaded ellipse represents the mean ± SD of the inter-sections of straight lines connecting the beginning and end of each ICMS trace. Kargo, W. J., and Giszter, S. F. (2008). Vertical dashed line indicates perturbation onset and the red shaded box indicates the perturbation response time window used here for analysis: 100–325 ms after perturbation onset. When muscle synergies extracted from unperturbed walking were used to reconstruct perturbation responses during standing, 2.0 ± 0.8 (range 1–3) additional muscle synergies specific to standing perturbations were required to explain the variability.
Nat.
J. Physiol. Across subjects, the minimum VAF across muscles was significantly lower when only muscle synergies from standing perturbations were used to reconstruct walking perturbation responses than when muscle synergies extracted from walking perturbations were used (minimum VAFmus = 67.7 ± 11.6% vs. 82.4 ± 4.6%; p < 0.001). Encoding of motor skill in the corticomuscular system of musicians. Gentner, R., Gorges, S., Weise, D., Aufm Kampe, K., Buttmann, M., and Classen, J. 2, 162–167. Mean EMG activity was calculated for 3 time bins during the automatic postural response (PR), indicated by the red shaded region, beginning 100 ms (PR1), 175 ms (PR2), and 250 ms (PR3) following perturbation. Across perturbation conditions, we compared the tuning curves of similar synergies to determine if they were recruited for similar perturbation directions in different contexts. Bilateral actions of the reticulospinal tract on arm and shoulder muscles in the monkey: stimulus triggered averaging.
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