In total, 3,972 records were identified through the initial database search and imported into the RefWorks citation management database. Recruitment strategies included word-of mouth, locally posted flyers, electronic postings, e-mail blasts, recruitment events, and newspaper and radio advertisements. Gait Posture. However, an often overlooked portion of physical activity recommendations is the requirement for individuals to complete the activity in bouts of 10 minutes or more. J Phys Act Health. A comprehensive literature review was employed to identify relevant articles on this topic. Zatsiorky VM, Werner SL, Kaimin MA. Diet and PA group did accumulate significantly more steps at higher cadences, Effects of music tempo upon submaximal cycling performance, Faster tempo resulted in increased distance covered and cadence, Faster music = voluntarily increased workload. 2011;8:79. Results. Therefore, it remains important to develop and identify strategies that not only assist adults in reaching the necessary walking cadence but will also enable them to maintain it for at least 10 minutes to achieve the physical activity recommendations and elicit optimal health benefits [2]. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Cadences of 100 steps/min and 130 steps/min are appropriate heuristic cadence thresholds representative of absolutely-defined moderate and vigorous ambulatory intensity (i.e., 3 and 6 METs), respectively, in 41 to 60-year-old adults. The criteria included the following: adults aged 19 or more, not being about a specific clinical population, investigating specifically walking cadence (e.g., steps/minute, stepping rate) for validity purposes, or an intervention aiming to test the benefits of walking at one or different walking cadences. Two more studies have recently been published. In 2012, a review was published by Tudor-Locke and Rowe that attempted to identify the required cadence to reach moderate intensity [15]. People with longer legs (generally taller people) tend to walk faster than shorter people as well. SWD, EJA, CCM, CJC, ZRG, and MAB collected the data. Because the optimal thresholds for 6 METs were discrepant across analyses (segmented regression = 117 steps/min, ROC analysis = 132 steps/min), we compared the classification accuracy parameters of 125 and 130 steps/min to inform our ultimate selection of a corresponding heuristic threshold. Using music-based cadence entrainment to manipulate walking intensity. Terms and Conditions, As a consequence, studies have shown that reaching 10,000 steps/day was not necessarily associated with expected outcomes [14]. The present study in adults of middle-age supports and extends results previously reported based on the same protocol administered to 21 to 40-year-old adults [13] whereby 100 steps/min was also identified as the best heuristic cadence threshold associated with absolutely-defined moderate intensity. Data collection for this specific age group (i.e., 41 to 60 years of age) took place from January to October, 2017. This group was able to walk at cadences > 100 s/m, but, on average, <10 min/day was spent above this cadence Shown that these adults were capable of walking at cadences ≥ 100 s/m, but this was uncommon in daily life Walking cadence (steps/min) as a practical estimate of intensity in adults: a narrative review. The sample size calculation for the CADENCE-Adults study has been described elsewhere [13]. 2018;52(12):776–88. CAS Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. When exploring 125 steps/min, we observed a lower accuracy and lower probability of a bout above this threshold being identified as vigorous intensity in comparison with 130 steps/min. The CADENCE-Adults study was supported by an award NIH NIA Grant 5R01AG049024. Daily step counts for measuring physical activity exposure and its relation to health. In addition, our results support heuristic cadence thresholds of 110 steps/min and 120 steps/min corresponding to 4 and 5 METs, respectively. However, many do not reach the international physical activity guidelines for adults, which recommend moderate intensity aerobic activity for at least 150 minutes/week in bouts of 10 minutes. Despite changes in gait patterns that occur with age, studies have shown that older adults typically walk at a faster cadence than their younger counterparts when walking at a self-selected pace within a clinical setting [16–20, 22–24]. Based on these criteria, results were narrowed further, creating a list of publications suitable to the theme of walking cadence. It's worth noting that these numbers are typically maintained in shorter-distance endurance races and full marathons. SRC served as medical investigator in charge of all clinical aspects of data collection. These findings support the hypothesis that people are responsive to the use of auditory feedback for walking cadence. SportDISCUS, Scopus, and PubMed databases were searched. Although these strategies have the advantage of affordability, as neither requires any equipment, objective measures remain the preferred method to easily confirm a prescription as being effective [44]. Cite this article. statement and Aguiar EJ, Gould ZR, Ducharme SW, Moore CC, McCullough AK, Tudor-Locke C. Cadence-based classification of minimally moderate intensity during Overground walking in 21- to 40-year-old adults. Beets MW, Agiovlasitis S, Fahs CA, Ranadive SM, Fernhall B. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Herrmann SD, et al. Relationship between cadence and METs using a segmented regression model with random coefficients. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Previous research has suggested that monitoring steps/minute in conjunction with the time spent at that cadence could be preferential to the current 10,000 steps/day guideline, as it promotes an increased intensity. CADENCE-Adults is a laboratory-based cross-sectional study of 21 to 85-year-old adults, registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02650258). The amount of research supporting walking cadence as a means for measuring and achieving moderate intensity has grown substantially over the past ten years. Although these factors are associated with walking cadence, it is important to note that using these elements to predict the cadence needed to reach moderate intensity may not be accurate. Recent research completed by our group [22], along with others [23, 24], has suggested that older adults need to walk at a cadence greater than 100 steps/minute to achieve moderate intensity. This systematic review provides an update on the walking cadence required to reach moderate intensity in adults and older adults, identifies variables associated with reaching moderate intensity, and evaluates how walking cadence intensity should be measured, but the main purpose is to report the interventions that have been attempted to prescribe walking cadence to increase time spent at moderate intensity or other outcomes for adults and older adults. Contemporary wearable technologies can now provide instantaneous readings of cadence that would enable individuals to modulate and maintain a cadence ≥100 or 130 steps/min, as desired. (i)Sport Discus Search Strategy (retrieved 2,359 results from scholarly (peer-reviewed) journals when search tested 3rd week of April 2016)(ii)Scopus Search Strategy (retrieved 1,312 results when search tested 3rd week of April 2016)(iii)PubMed Search Strategy (retrieved 345 results retrieved when search tested 3rd week of April 2016), Concept 1 Walking Movement(1)Step OR steps OR stepped OR stepping(2)10,000 OR rate OR count OR goal(3)(1) AND (2)(4)Gait(5)Analysis(6)(4) AND (5)(7)Walk(8)Speed OR pattern OR pace OR intensity(9)(7) AND (8)(10)“stride rate” OR pedometer OR cadence Combine Sets(11)OR/(3), (6), (9), (10), Concept 2 Adults (Population)(12)KEY (adult)(13)TITLE (age OR aging OR adults)(14)(12) OR (13), Concept 2 Assessment(15)Increas OR exercise OR recommendation OR assess OR comparison OR measur OR “physical activity” OR accura, Concept 3 Terms to Filter Out(16)Pregnan OR child OR cycl OR danc Combine Sets(17)(11) AND (12) AND (13) NOT (14). Running speed is the product of your cadence (often called stride frequency) and your stride length. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. A typical cadence is between 150 - 200 steps per minute, but experts put 170+ SPM as the sweet spot for optimum running efficiency for reasons best left … These values can form the basis of general public health recommendations that provide a simple guidance for walking cadence as a strategy to achieve health-related intensity levels. Participants arrived to the laboratory fasted (at least 4 h) for testing. An average human child achieves independent walking ability … However, among recreational runners wearing maximalist shoes (Minimalist Index < 50%), the average cadence is 155. Cadence is one of the two factors that make up a runner’s speed. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. Expressed in terms of average time spent in different cadence bands during daily wearing time, the US adults also accumulate ≅ 4.8 hours at zero cadence, ≅ 8.7 hours at 1–59 steps/min, ≅ 16 min at cadences of 60–79 steps/min, ≅ 8 min at 80–99 steps/min, ≅ 5 min at 100–119 steps/min and ≅ 2 min at 120+ steps/min.6 Although the US adults average approximately 30 min daily at cadences >60 … Correspondence to 2 groups used ≥40% HRR for moderate intensity; pedometer group used 100 s/m, Tool used to measure moderate intensity and ability to identify moderate intensity, 3 different intervention methods (manual HR, HR monitor, and pedometer), No group improved time in MVPA and HR monitor and pedometer groups increased total activity time and the pedometer group, though not significant, showed a tendency to be able to better identify mod intensity, A randomized controlled trial of pedometer-based interventions differing on intensity messages, Comparing total steps versus cadence to elicit moderate intensity, 3 groups; (1) 10,000 steps/day, (2) 10,000 steps/day & 30 min at mod intensity, and (3) control, This study will improve understanding on benefits walking volume and/or intensity have. SWD, EJA, CCM and JMG analyzed data with content expert input from CTL, JMS, and JS. BMJ Open. 1978;8(4):283–98. In 2014, Pillay and colleagues explored whether simply instructing people to walk at a self-selected “brisk pace” was adequate for achieving moderate intensity in adults [33]. Cancer. 2011;43(2):312–8. To date, no interventions have tested if using auditory cues led to an increase in physical activity level at moderate intensity. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013. WHO Expert Committee on physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Performance termination criteria of the treadmill test included: 1) transitioning to running; 2) achieving > 75% of age-predicted heart rate maximum [0.75 x (220-age)]; or 3) indicating an RPE > 13. The results of the present study do not constitute endorsement by the American College of Sports Medicine. Aside from the different approaches, all three groups received the same 12-week theory-based physical activity intervention. O2 consumption versus step rate, Examine impact of leg length on steps per day associated with MPA, Overground walking, 5 speeds, portable gas analyser, Creating a pedometer-based guideline for PA recommendations, 4 speeds, O2 measured and steps. Specifically, four ROC curves were estimated, corresponding to cadence-based classifications of reaching 3, 4, 5 or 6 METs, and an optimal threshold was identified for each curve by selecting the cadence that maximized Youden’s index [21]. A study by Slaght et al. The optimal cycling cadence also has a lot to do with the two types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch fibers and fast-twitch fibers . 2010;109(2):159–71. The study, completed by Rowe et al., was performed on 75 adults with a mean age of 32.9 ± 12.4 years at three different speeds (slow, medium, and fast) on a treadmill and on an overground walking trail [19]. For the intermediate moderate intensities of 4 and 5 METs, optimal cadence thresholds of 107.9 (95% CI: 105.5–112.2) and 115.9 steps/min (95% CI: 110.6–117.7) were observed, respectively. 2009;36(5):410–5. For example, Dall and colleagues observed a sample of 117 individuals ranging from 30 to 62 years of age and found an average free-living cadence of 76 ± 6 steps/minute [26]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1995. To date, a cadence ranging between 125 and 135 steps/min has been associated with absolutely-defined vigorous physical activity (i.e., 6 METs) in younger adult samples (for review, see [2]). [31] compared activity levels in normal weight participants (BMI < 25 kg/m2) to overweight and obese participants (BMI > 25 kg/m2). The regression and ROC analyses identified optimal cadence thresholds of 132.1 and 117.3 steps/min for 6 METs, respectively. The sample was predominantly Caucasian (85%), with a mean ± SD age of 50.2 ± 6.1 years, and a BMI of 26.6 ± 3.7 kg/m2. It is important to note that, while we provide cadence values corresponding with moderate and vigorous intensity thresholds, there is a dose-response relationship between physical activity intensity/volume and health [3]. Consistent with our previous report in 21 to 40-year-old adults, cadence thresholds of 100 and 130 steps/min emerged as heuristic values associated with 3 and 6 METs, respectively, in 41 to 60-year-old adults. We identified 3,917 articles and 31 were retained for this systematic review. As a result, some key characteristics need to be considered in order to properly individualize walking cadence and ensure that people reach at least moderate intensity while walking. Exclusion criteria were: Stage 2 hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 100 mmHg), current tobacco use, hospitalization for mental illness within the previous 5 years, body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 or > 40 kg/m2, cardiovascular disease or stroke, conditions or medications that could affect heart rate response to exercise, pacemakers or other implanted medical devices, and pregnancy. Spreadsheet displaying final analytical data set. Ninety percent of all bouts were correctly classified (i.e., overall accuracy: true positives plus true negatives) when the 100 steps/min heuristic cadence threshold was applied for 3 METs and 94% were correctly classified when using the 130 steps/min heuristic cadence threshold for 6 METs. Just make sure you don’t take a break and leave your watch running, or it will drop your cadence down (as it’s an average measurement). Only articles written in English were included. Average walking speed by age. These findings represent a reduced cadence when compared to evidence observed in the older adult population provided by Tudor-Locke and colleagues. The average 5K time depends on a few factors, including age, sex, and fitness level. Google Scholar. That initial research also reinforced the appropriateness of using 130 steps/min as a heuristic cadence threshold indicative of absolutely-defined vigorous intensity ambulation (i.e., 6 METs) in that age group. For this purpose, we recruited a balanced sex and age distribution of adults across the targeted age range of 41 to 60 years. As of now, few pedometers, displaying walking cadence at different intensities, have been validated [34, 46]. These interventions are the first steps towards transferring the current knowledge regarding walking prescription into real-world settings and increasing the number of adults reaching moderate intensity while walking. Using 125 steps/min as heuristic threshold, a lower overall accuracy (i.e., 91% bouts correctly classified) was observed in comparison with 130 steps/min. Currently, few studies have explored using walking cadence prescription as an intervention to increase physical activity levels. Therefore, the final analytical data set was comprised of 605 treadmill walking bouts. With that said, achieving 4 METs for a given time period will yield greater MET-minutes than 3 METs. We aren’t elite runners and we are not an average! Participants in both intervention groups (10,000 steps/day and 3,000 steps in 30 minutes) spent significantly more time in moderate-to-vigorous intensity compared to the control group, but only the walking cadence prescription group (3,000 steps in 30 minutes) significantly increased time in moderate-to-vigorous intensity in bouts of at least 10 minutes [41], as outlined in national and international physical activity guidelines [5, 48]. A broad variety of analytical approaches (i.e., linear regressions, multiple regressions, segmented regression, mixed models, ROC) have been used in prior research to investigate the relationship between cadence and intensity [2]. 2017, Article ID 4641203, 12 pages, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4641203, 1Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, 2Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada. A total of 168 articles were identified and included in the abstract review process. Step rate-determined walking intensity and walking recommendation in Chinese young adults: a cross-sectional study. Basic kinematics of walking. 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