"[6], He survived the disaster at the Battle of Cannae, where his would-be father-in-law, the consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus, was killed. Hannibal arranged his infantry in three phalangial lines designed to overlap the Roman lines. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica, "Barba – NumisWiki, The Collaborative Numismatics Project". Such a task must have seemed fantastic in 210, but Scipio had the confidence and ability; it was achieved in the next four years. After training his army in new tactics, Scipio defeated the Carthaginian commander Hasdrubal Barca at Baecula (Bailen) in Baetica (208); whereas normally the two rear ranks of a Roman army closely supported the front line, Scipio in this battle, under a screen of light troops, divided his main forces, which fell upon the enemy’s flanks. Scipio himself was subsequently (185 BC) accused of having been bribed by Antiochus. The Roman infantry had driven off the two front lines of the Carthaginian army, and in the respite took an opportunity to drink water. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [27] This episode was frequently depicted by painters of the Renaissance and early modern era as the Continence of Scipio. Fabius still feared Hannibal's power, and viewed any mission to Africa as dangerous and wasteful to the war effort. Scipio intended to go to Africa, but due to the envy of others in the Senate, he was not given any additional troops beyond the Sicilian garrison. Africa is a renowned name that has traveled way beyond the shores of the Nile to the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. [19] By reminding the people that it was the anniversary of his victory at Zama, he caused an outburst of enthusiasm in his favour. While preparing his troops, he boldly snatched Locri Epizephyrii, in the toe of Italy, from Hannibal’s grasp, though the subsequent misconduct of Pleminius, the man he left in command of the town, gave Scipio’s political opponents cause to criticize him. They were lynched by their relatives who disapproved of their methods and perhaps had economic reasons to fear the land redistribution. Scipio features as a playable character, represented by a cataphract, in the Battle of Zama in Age of Empires: The Rise of Rome. In the 2000 film Gladiator, the first battle in the Colosseum is meant to re-enact Scipio Africanus's battle of Zama against Hannibal's barbarian horde. 100% of extra attack is pretty good in a long battle, especially if you’re raiding a city that can stack up. [25] Scipio, already known for his bravery and patriotism, was elected unanimously and the Tribunes abandoned their opposition. [33] During the 19th century, Harriet Powers made quilts in rural Georgia, United States that are now considered among the finest examples of 19th-century Southern … It is certainly true that some Romans of the day viewed Cato as a representative of the old Romans, and Scipio and his like as Graecophiles). Roman javelins were used to good effect, and the sharp traps caused further disorder among the elephants. In 190 BC, when the Romans declared war against Antiochus III, Publius offered to join his brother Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus if the Senate entrusted the chief command to him. The relatives of Scipio continued to dominate the republic for a couple of generations. Archaeology has not yet determined the resting place of Scipio Africanus. ; † 129 v. Then, sweeping down on the forces that the enemy was trying to muster at the Great Plains on the upper Bagradas (modern Sūq al Khamīs, on the Majardah in Tunisia), he smashed that army by a double flanking movement. The final struggle was bitter and won only when the allied cavalry rallied and returned to the battle field. Many Roman aristocrats, especially Cato, expected Scipio to raze that city to the ground after his victory. In 193 BC, Scipio was one of the commissioners sent to Africa to settle a dispute between Massinissa and the Carthaginians, which the commission did not achieve. This man's fashion lasted until the time of emperor Hadrian and then was revived again by Constantine the Great. Many of them were so distraught that they charged back into their own lines. While the security of Rome was guaranteed by demands such as the surrender of the fleet, and a lasting tribute was to be paid, the strictures were sufficiently light for Carthage to regain its full prosperity. Mary Bellis covered inventions and inventors for ThoughtCo for 18 years. The Roman infantry was greatly rattled by the elephants, but Massinissa's Numidian and Laelius' Roman cavalry began to drive the opposing cavalry off the field. The name is one, over time that is connected to historical heritages and tied to historical revolutions. In 187 BC, he was tried in a show trial alongside his brother for bribes they supposedly received from King Antiochos III during the Roman–Seleucid War. [24] The elder son Publius adopted his first cousin, his uncle Lucius Aemilius Paullus' second son, who received the name Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus. As a Roman hero, Scipio appears in Book VI of the Aeneid where he is shown to Aeneas in a vision in the underworld. The Roman Senate sent a commission of inquiry to Sicily and found Scipio at the head of a well-equipped and trained fleet and army. Scipio Africanus, also called Scipio Africanus the Elder, Latin Scipio Africanus Major, in full Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, (born 236 bce—died 183 bce, Liternum, Campania [now Patria, Italy]), Roman general noted for his victory over the Carthaginian leader Hannibal in the great Battle of Zama (202 bce), ending the Second Punic War. 202 BC Battle of Zama: Hannibal Barca and the Carthaginian army are defeated by Roman legions under Scipio Africanus, ending 2nd Punic War; 439 The Vandals, led by King Gaiseric, take Carthage in North Africa; 615 Pope Deusdedit [Adeodatus I] elected to succeed Boniface IV as Catholic Pope; 1031 Abbot Humbertus van Echternach opens grave of Saint Willibrord; Event of Interest. If there are official landmarks that are missing, please email blackpast@blackpast.org so that they can be added to the list. moderation] of Scipio' was a stock motif in exemplary literature and art,[30] as was the 'Dream of Scipio', portraying his allegorical choice between Virtue and Luxury. Aemilia Paulla had unusual freedom and wealth for a patrician married woman, and she was an important role model for many younger Roman women,[citation needed] just as her youngest daughter Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, would be an important role model for many Late Republican Roman noblewomen, including allegedly the mother of Julius Caesar. After taking africa you are going to want to invade italy this should be your invasion plan when taking italy over. What remains are accounts of his doings in Polybius, Livy's Histories (which say little about his private life), supplemented with the surviving histories of Appian and Cassius Dio, and the odd anecdote in Valerius Maximus. He also enjoyed the reputation of being a graceful orator, the secret of his sway being his deep self-confidence and radiant sense of fairness. Thus, Scipio was given the chance to avenge the deaths of his father and uncle in Spain, where he hoped not merely to hold the Carthaginian armies at bay and prevent their sending reinforcements to Hannibal in Italy but to resume his father’s offensive policy, to turn back the tide of war, and to drive the enemy out of the Iberian Peninsula. African History Ancient History and Culture Asian History European History Genealogy Latin American History Medieval & Renaissance History Military History The 20th Century Women's History View More. In 210 the Romans decided to send reinforcements to Spain, but it is said that no senior general would undertake the task and that young Scipio offered himself as a candidate; at any rate, the Roman people decided to invest him with a command there, although he was technically a privatus (not a magistrate). [14] Scipio turned Sicily into a camp for training his army. A.D., Valerius Maximus, Livy, 35.14 from mcadams.posc.mu.edu/ Plutarch also recounts this conversation in Life of Titus Flamininus, 21.3–4, "Giulio Licinio | The Continence of Scipio | NG643.2 | The National Gallery, London", "Raphael | An Allegory ('Vision of a Knight') | NG213 | The National Gallery, London", "How to get good generals in Centurion: Defender of Rome? He obtained a rich cache of war stores and supplies and an excellent harbour and base of operations. Scipio is also referenced in the Italian national anthem. He and his descendants all became increasingly conservative, in stark contrast to the father and grandfathers. His greatest military achievement was the defeat of Hannibal at the Battle of Zama (near modern Zama, Tunisia) in 202 BC. They had at least one surviving son (of whom more below). This suggests that it was known that Africanus was not buried inside Rome, and it is possible that his sarcophagus did indeed resemble an altar (although there is no direct evidence for this), given that that of the "founder" of the Scipiones, Scipio Barbatus, which can be found in pride of place in the family tomb, is altar-like in style. Listed below are the African American National Historic Landmarks by state, as certified by the National Park Service’s National Register of Historic Places, as well as some state landmarks. Skillful alike in strategy and in tactics, he had also the faculty of inspiring his soldiers with confidence. Author of. In 1705, Scipio joined the family of the Captain's daughter who married John Kennedy from Culzean in Ayrshire, and it was here that Scipio got his surname. During the Battle of Ticinus, he saved his father's life by "charging the encircling force alone with reckless daring. He became consul (abdicating or resigning in 162 BC for religious reasons, then being re-elected in 155 BC), censor in 159 BC, Princeps Senatus, and died as Pontifex Maximus in 141 BC. Seeing his father wounded, the younger Scipio charged forward, an action that allowed Scipio père to escape with his guard of cavalry officers and his young son. See Broughton, vol. Livy, Book XXVI, Chapter 18 "...declaring himself a candidate, took his station on an eminence from which he could be seen by all.". The battle was decided by a determined Roman infantry charge up the centre of the Carthaginian position. His defeat of Hannibal at Zama paved the way for Carthage's eventual destruction in 146 BC. ", "Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius, (The Elder) (237–183 BC), son of Publius Cornelius Scipio", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scipio_Africanus&oldid=1019093859, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from June 2020, All articles needing additional references, Pages using infobox military person with embed, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica – son, married Licinia Crassa Prima, daughter of, Lucius Licinius Crassus Scipio –younger son, adopted by his grandfather, Cornelia Scipionis – daughter, married Publius Cornelius M. f. Lentulus, This page was last edited on 21 April 2021, at 13:51. He died probably in 183 BC (the actual year and date of his death is unknown) aged about 53. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. war Feldherr im Zweiten Punischen Krieg und Staatsmann der Römischen Republik.Er wurde bekannt durch den Sieg über Hannibal in der Schlacht bei Zama, der ihm die Anerkennung als einer der erfolgreichsten Kommandeure in der Militärgeschichte sowie den Beinamen Africanus einbrachte. Serapio's son, the fourth Scipio Nasica, was even more conservative, and rose to be consul in 111 BC. Livy tells the story of his troops capturing a beautiful woman, whom they offered to Scipio as a prize of war. Scipio then orchestrated a frontal attack by the rest of his infantry to draw out the remainder of the Carthaginian forces. Scipio appears or is mentioned in passing in Cicero's De Republica and De Amicitia, and in Silius Italicus' Punica (Cicero was mentored by prominent Romans whose ancestors had been associated with Scipio). Hannibal's brothers Hasdrubal and Mago, and Hasdrubal Gisco were the generals of the Carthaginian forces in Hispania, and Rome was aided by the inability of these three figures to act in concert. Scipio was the first Roman general to expand Roman territories outside Italy and islands around the Italian mainland. Scipio Africanus had two sons. His strategy, so often reliant upon subtle stratagems, was simple: a massive forward attack by the war elephants would create gaps in the Roman lines, which would be exploited by the infantry, supported by the cavalry. After winning over a number of Hispanian chiefs (namely Indibilis and Mandonius), Scipio achieved a decisive victory in 206 BC over the full Carthaginian levy at Ilipa (now the city of Alcalá del Río, near Hispalis, now called Seville), which resulted in the evacuation of Hispania by the Punic commanders. This broke the back of Hasdrubal's army and routed his forces—an impressive feat for the young Roman versus the veteran Carthaginian general. The couple had no children, and Sempronia grew to hate her husband after he condoned the murder of her brother Tiberius in 132 BC. Hannibal could boast a strength of around forty thousand: 36,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry, compared to Scipio's 29,000 infantry and 6,100 cavalry. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (/ ˈ s k ɪ p i oʊ /, / ˈ s ɪ-/, Latin: [ˈskiːpioː]; 236/235–183 BC) was a Roman general and later consul who is often regarded as one of the best military commanders and strategists of all time. Scipio was welcomed back to Rome in triumph with the agnomen of Africanus. Scipio is the hero of Petrarch's Latin epic Africa. The younger daughter was more famous in history; Cornelia, the young wife of the elderly Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, tribune of the plebs, praetor, then consul 177 (then censor and consul again), became the mother of 12 children, the only surviving sons being the famous Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus. Scipio realized that the Carthaginian forces—especially the superior Numidian cavalry—would prove decisive against the largely infantry forces of the Roman legions. Another well-known former enslaved person was Scipio Kennedy. Scipio's army then marched towards Hannibal's veterans, who had not yet taken part in the battle. [20] It is supposedly in gratitude for this act that Scipio betrothed his youngest daughter Cornelia (then aged about 5) to Gracchus, several decades her senior (however, no contemporaneous references to this event exist; what is known is that Gracchus did marry Cornelia, aged about 18, in 172 BC). The possibility exists that he was returned to Rome and laid to rest there in a still undiscovered crypt. ALABAMA. After a while you should be able to push the axis out of africa with south africa/australian tanks. This humanitarian act encouraged local chieftains to both supply and reinforce Scipio's small army. When combined with Richard I, it can become very tough for your enemies to conquer your garrisons. Scipio's political enemies, led by Marcus Porcius Cato the Elder, gained ground. This may have been because Hannibal, in the service of Antiochus III of Syria, might have come to Carthage to gather support for a new attack on Italy. The army that Hannibal returned with is a subject of much debate. Livy continues, "On Scipio's again asking him whom he regarded as the third, Hannibal, without any hesitation, replied, 'Myself.' Home to 1.216 billion people, the world’s second-largest population and 2nd largest continent after Asia. The name Africa is a phenomenon. The irony of Dodge's accusations of Scipio's cowardice is that the attack showed traces of Hannibal's penchant for ambush. Numidia was of vital importance to Carthage, supplying both mercenaries and allied forces. Scipio was a member of the Salii, the college of priests of Mars. However, a grandson (adopted into the plebeian-noble Caecilii Metelli) became the Metellus Scipio who allied himself with Pompey the Great and Cato the Younger, and who opposed Julius Caesar. Scipio's mysterious death in 129 BC, at the age of 56, was blamed by some on his wife, and by others on his political rivals. Early in 203, with the help of Rome’s new Numidian ally Masinissa, he burned the camps of Hasdrubal (son of Gisgo) and his Numidian ally Syphax. His birth year is calculated from statements made by ancient historians (mainly Livy and Polybius) of how old he was when certain events in his life occurred and must have been 236/5 BC, usually stated as circa 236 BC.[3]. The elder Scipio was a spiritual man as well as a soldier and statesman, and was a priest of Mars. Scipio is said to have written his memoirs in Greek, but those are lost (perhaps destroyed) along with the history written by his elder son and namesake (adoptive father of Scipio Aemilianus) and his Life by Plutarch. Less beneficially, the Scipios may have led the way in the inevitable chasm that grew up between the Roman elite and the Roman masses, in terms of the way the elite was educated and lived and in the amount of wealth they possessed. However, Scipio dictated extremely moderate terms in contrast to an immoderate Roman Senate. One anecdote tells of how Scipio pressed into service several hundred Sicilian nobles to create a cavalry force. This bumps up the second skill from 10% chances to 15% chances, not too much. Some of the Roman Senate, championed by Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator ("the Delayer"), opposed the mission. As a result, contemporary accounts of his life, particularly his childhood and youth, are virtually non-existent. The Carthaginians were also preoccupied with revolts in Africa. [10] In spite of his youth (25 years), his noble demeanour and enthusiastic language had made so great an impression that he was unanimously elected. The following year, Hannibal met Scipio’s forces on the battlefield near Zama, some 120 kilometers from Carthage. This legendary commander will amplify the troop’s defensive capabilities during the defensive wars in addition to Scipio Africanus’ offensive and large troop capacity. For his self-restraint in putting the good of the republic ahead of his own gain, Scipio was praised by Livy for showing uncommon greatness of mind—an example conspicuously not emulated by Marius, Sulla or Caesar.[18]. [28] The affair, if it lasted from circa 191 BC to Scipio's death 183 BC, might have resulted in issue (not mentioned); what is mentioned is that the girl was freed by Aemilia Paulla after Scipio's death and married to one of his freedmen. His death is said to have taken place under suspicious circumstances, and it is possible that he either died of the lingering effects of the fever contracted while on campaign in 190 BC, or that he took his own life for causes unknown. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (/ˈskɪpioʊ/, /ˈsɪ-/, Latin: [ˈskiːpioː]; 236/235–183 BC) was a Roman general and later consul who is often regarded as one of the best military commanders and strategists of all time. [31] The Continence of Scipio, depicting his clemency and sexual restraint after the fall of Carthago Nova, was an even more popular subject. His main achievements were during the Second Punic War. Livy reports that, as a Roman commissioner to Ephesus following the defeat of Antiochus III, on meeting the exiled Hannibal, Scipio took the opportunity to ask Hannibal's opinion of the "greatest commander," to which Hannibal named Alexander the Great as the first and Pyrrhus as the second. In 203 BC, he destroyed the combined armies of the Carthaginians and Numidians by approaching by stealth and setting fire to their camp, where the combined army became panicked and fled, when they were mostly killed by Scipio's army. Having served with these men at Cannae, Scipio was well aware that their disgrace was through no fault of their own. He was the eldest son of the consul Publius Cornelius Scipio by his wife Pomponia, daughter of plebeian consul Manius Pomponius Matho. Unlike Marius or Caesar, however, he did not seek to use his charisma and reputation to weaken the Republic. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Historians are roughly equal in their praise and condemnation for this act. Carthage made peace soon afterward, surrendering its fleet, its overseas possessions, and some of its African territory, thus bringing an end to the Second Punic War (218–201). There was a belief that he was a special favourite of heaven and actually communicated with the gods. 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