[16], Frederick undertook six expeditions into Italy. These conditions allowed Frederick to be both warrior and occasional peace-maker, both to his advantage.[9]. While payments upon the knighting of a son were part of the expectations of an overlord in England and France, only a "gift" was given in Germany for such an occasion. It is speculated that Pope Gregory VII personally encouraged the Justinian rule of law and had a copy of it. Now it had recurred, in a slightly different form. This time, Henry the Lion refused to join Frederick on his Italian trip, tending instead to his own disputes with neighbors and his continuing expansion into Slavic territories in northeastern Germany. [5] Frederick's father was from the Hohenstaufen family, and his mother was from the Welf family, the two most powerful families in Germany. Despite his unorthodox teaching concerning theology, Arnold was not charged with heresy.[20]. The royal title was furthermore passed from one family to another to preclude the development of any dynastic interest in the German crown. But it is hard to see how he could have avoided an interest in this part of the empire, where since the days of the emperor Henry V(reigned 1106-1125) German rulers had played little role and had allowed both the northern towns of Italy and the papacy to develop relatively undisturbed. In an attempt to create comity, Emperor Frederick proclaimed the Peace of the Land,[26] written between 1152 and 1157, which enacted punishments for a variety of crimes, as well as systems for adjudicating many disputes. In 1167 Frederick began besieging Ancona, which had acknowledged the authority of Manuel I;[43] at the same time, his forces achieved a great victory over the Romans at the Battle of Monte Porzio. Test your knowledge of these military expeditions with this quiz. On 10 June 1190, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa drowned near Silifke Castle in the Saleph river. Omissions? Frederick had to humble himself before Alexander III at Venice. Holy Roman EMPEROR; (III of SWABIA; GERMANY; of LOUVAINE ? He was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March 1152. [13] Abroad, Frederick intervened in the Danish civil war between Svend III and Valdemar I of Denmark[14] and began negotiations with the Eastern Roman Emperor, Manuel I Comnenus. Many Swabian counts, including his cousin the young Duke of Swabia, Frederick IV, died in 1167, so he was able to organize a new mighty territory in the Duchy of Swabia under his reign in this time. Thomas Renna Saginaw Valley State University, Emeritus. Corrections? The king agreed, and a Hungarian army of 2,000 men led by Géza escorted the German emperor's forces. His state was still founded upon the noble, the high noble, and above all the newly founded rank of the imperial servants. [53] This battle marked the turning point in Frederick's claim to empire. Frederick Barbarossa, middle, flanked by two of his children, King Henry VI (left) and Duke Frederick VI (right). A tax called the fodrum was levied on all the inhabitants of imperial Italy; in return the Italian nobles and communes were excused from service in Frederick’s armies and were guaranteed his protection. Frederick's death plunged his army into chaos. He was the son of Duke Frederick II of the Hohenstaufen dynasty and Judith, daughter of Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, from the rival House of Welf. Frederick Barbarossa (German: Friedrich I., Italian: Federico I; 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I, was the Holy Roman Emperor from 2 January 1155 until his death 35 years later. The king had been left with only the traditional family domains and a vestige of power over the bishops and abbeys. Frederick was born in 1122. Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor Holy Roman Emperor. [9], The Germany that Frederick tried to unite was a patchwork of more than 1600 individual states, each with its own prince. During the meeting, both men agreed to the Treaty of Constance. According to the story, his red beard has grown through the table at which he sits. The backwash of the Investiture controversy had left the German states in continuous turmoil. The duchy of Bavaria was transferred from Henry II Jasomirgott, margrave of Austria, to Frederick's formidable younger cousin Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, of the House of Guelph, whose father had previously held both duchies. Frederick organized a grand army of 100,000 men (including 20,000 knights) and set out on the overland route to the Holy Land;[69] Some historians believe that this is an exaggeration, however, and that the true figure might be closer to 15,000 men, including 3,000 knights. Henry spent three years in exile at the court of his father-in-law Henry II of England in Normandy before being allowed back into Germany. Unlike Henry II of England, Frederick did not attempt to end medieval feudalism, but rather tried to restore it, though this was beyond his ability. Henry wanted to become King of Germany, too and therefore was angry when he found out that Barbarossa was to be king and also Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Southern Italy and Sicily were united in the Norman kingdom of Roger II. Although traditionally the German kings had automatically inherited the royal crown of Arles since the time of Conrad II, Frederick felt the need to be crowned by the Archbishop of Arles, regardless of his laying claim to the title from 1152. [11] Frederick was a pragmatist who dealt with the princes by finding a mutual self-interest. After succeeding his father as duke of Swabia, Frederick was elected German king on March 4, 1152, in Frankfurt, succeeding his uncle, Emperor Conrad III. He was the first emperor of the House of Habsburg, and the fourth member of the House of Habsburg to be elected King of Germany after Rudolf I of Germany, Albert I in the 13th century and his predecessor Now all this changed. Alexander, supported by many cardinals, was also immediately recognized by William of Sicily as the true pope. Gerhard III, Count of Egisheim-Dagsburg ? Frederick sends out the boy to see whether the ravens still fly. Frederick Barbarossa (Friedrich I., Federico I; 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I, was the Holy Roman Emperor from 2 January 1155 until his death.wikipediawikipedia In 1147 he became Duke of the southern German region of Swabia (Herzog von Schwaben), and shortly afterwards made his first trip to the East, accompanied by his uncle, the German king Conrad III, on the Second Crusade. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Agnes (1181 – 8 October 1184). Social Networks and Archival Context. The Pope, as well as the cities, felt threatened by a tightly organized imperial state in Italy. He became King of Italy in 1155 and was crowned Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155. Author of. [64], Although the Italian city states had achieved a measure of independence from Frederick as a result of his failed fifth expedition into Italy,[65] the emperor had not given up on his Italian dominions. Frederick I, byname Frederick Barbarossa (Italian: Redbeard), (born c. 1123—died June 10, 1190), duke of Swabia (as Frederick III, 1147–90) and German king and Holy Roman emperor (1152–90), who challenged papal authority and sought to establish German predominance in western Europe. [29] Disgusted with the pope, and still wishing to crush the Normans in the south of Italy, in June 1158, Frederick set out upon his second Italian expedition, accompanied by Henry the Lion and his Saxon troops. What the Emperor saw as a restoration of the imperial rights, however, was considered by the cities as a curtailment of their freedom. Leaderless, panicking, and attacked on all sides by Turks, many Germans deserted, were killed, or committed suicide. As such, he was King of Germany, of Italy, and of Burgundy. His hair is golden, curling a little above his forehead ... His eyes are sharp and piercing, his beard reddish [barba subrufa], his lips delicate ... His whole face is bright and cheerful. [40] Returning to Germany towards the close of 1162, Frederick prevented the escalation of conflicts between Henry the Lion from Saxony and a number of neighbouring princes who were growing weary of Henry's power, influence, and territorial gains. 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