what tactics were employed at the battle of sluys

By 1337, the French king had pushed numerous legal measures in support of lords in Guyenne who were unhappy with judgments passed against them by the English ducal government. The fighting proved to be fierce and lasted well into the afternoon when it became clear to the French in the rear lines that their comrades in the front were suffering grievously. Phillip VI was clearly contemplating an invasion of conquest, and it appeared England did not have the ability to defend against it. Applications to the Venetians, however, were fruitless. For both fleets this gave the Commanding officers an opportunity to easily communicate from ship to ship. For the first time in 300 years, there was no direct male succession for the throne of France. The primary cause of the first phase of the war, which descended into hostilities in 1337, was the nature of the feudal relationship between the King of England as Duke of Aquitaine (also known as Guyenne) and the King of France, by whose lordship the lands were held. The River Zwin appears to have been lost in reclaimed territory and canals. Gas Attacks. Philip’s design was to hinder or disable any further coalition force Edward might command. The English forces “were hard-pressed, for they were outnumbered four to one, and their enemies were all experienced sailors. The Battle of Sluys was the first major battle of the Hundred Years’ War. For the 1340 expedition, Edward also made an effort to hire galleys in the Mediterranean, to offset the Castilian and Genoese contingents of the French. Tactics used at Verdun and Passchendaele included: Preparatory Artillery Bombardment. Catching a strong northwesterly breeze, the English fleet passed the point of Harwich at dawn and late on the following afternoon stood off the Flemish coast west of the Zwin estuary. Continuing the attack, the French knights were forced to negotiate the slope of the ridge and the man-made obstacles. Yet they were unable to join the fray because they were hemmed in between their own front line and the shore, and did not have room to maneuver round to the west. Its chief service lay in the transporting of men, provisions, horses and other supplies. He entirely destroyed Hastings and took ships in Plymouth harbor, although the town repulsed a land assault. The Battle of Crécy took place on 26 August 1346 in northern France between a French army commanded by King Philip VI and an English army led by King Edward III. One of the most devastating naval actions during the war, and perhaps the one with the most far-reaching consequences, was the attack by a Franco-Genoese squadron on the English seaport of Southampton on October 5. There were a few battles before it but nothing that compared to the size and ramifications of Sluys. The English pretty much employed the same tactics, and the French adapted only by adding more armor. In September, the rest of the French force sailed to Sluys, intending to raid the English herring fishery off Yarmouth, but instead was dispersed by seasonal gales. Instead, naval actions actually represented “fluid situations in which the balance of initiative and fighting power shifted from one season to another.” What the English victory at Sluys achieved “was a shift in initiative and confidence: after a lean period England moved on to the offensive.”. Use what you know to list all the factors that contributed to the English victory at Sluys. In the late 1330's impressment operations were similar to those which A. E. Prince has described for the earlier part of Edward's reign. Although it ended unhappily, his action showed that the English could mount a successful operation. 'Going Over the Top'. The exact size of the armada is unclear, but is thought to have been around 140 to 150 ships when added to the Northern Fleet under Lord Robert Morley. Over 1.6 million shells were … Sea-battles are always more terrible than those on land, for those engaged can neither retreat nor run away; they could only stand and fight to the bitter end, and show their courage and endurance.” Although the French had the advantage in numbers, the disposition of their forces and the weight at the point of attack favored the English. At the end of the 15th century, the Zwin estuary silted up, so that the site of the Battle of Sluys is now farm land and dunes. By the time the English were able to board the French ship at dawn the next day, they discovered 400 enemy dead aboard. Transports for the invasion force were due to be ready by early April, but, not surprisingly, were delayed. No naval force existed which was capable of opposing a powerful force of galleys, and the coast defence system was useless against a fast-moving enemy.” Edward was forced to warn the coastal areas of further attacks and ask them to prepare for the worst. Time and tide have wreaked their in… By the time the smaller English force sailed, the French had passed Calais. And the escalation of conflict in the early part of the war led to a series of humiliating and devastating defeats and reverses for the English at sea as well as on land. The town was captured and burned. Normally, the ships would have been laid up in Rouen, but they had been kept ready for use for an escort mission. Edward allowed for some flexibility, but by May, reports were made of French raids in Hainault, and the English were receiving urgent calls for help from their Continental allies. This is indeed how Froissart described the beginning of the battle, with “each side opening fire with crossbows and longbows, and hand-to-hand fighting began. Nearly all the fighting afterward took place on land in France. Battle of Sluys, 1340 The Battle of Sluys began on 24 June 1340. This period of amity was not to last, and Edward held his claim to the throne as a card that he may or may not have been loath to play, but would not discount if pressed. The French, with powerful naval allies, had, if not total control of the sea lanes between England and the Continent, relatively free reign to strike at English interests, both in their Continental possessions and the maritime communities of England itself. Richmond, “naval resources were seldom sufficiently concentrated to enable a decisive attempt to be made against them. By June 20, nearby harbors were empty and the ships previously assembled were brought into the Pool of Orwell to join the large ships of the western Admiralty. A fleet of small vessels attacked through a heavy mist and was not seen by the small guard until it was in the harbor. In 1340 the Royal Navy could not claim the later proud distinction of being the senior service, for it functioned mainly as a subsidiary of the army. While Philip suffered considerable criticism for this Fabian strategy, it nevertheless reflected the weaknesses of Edward’s alliance with allied contingents in various states of enthusiasm. More important, however, was the capture in early January 1340 of a French ship from Boulogne by seamen from the Cinque Ports. Disputes, often erupting into combat, periodically arose over the English manner of governance and control of Guyenne. Times when the very landscape appears to shift. The English sent a knight, Reginald Cobham, ashore with two others to gather intelligence on the French anchorage and their dispositions for the battle. In naval terms, although the defeat of the French naval forces at Sluys ended for a time the threat of a French invasion of England, the victory did little to give England any real or long-term advantage. With the English clearly winning, Flemings began to pour from Sluys and other harbors in the estuary to join the fight and share in the victory. In order to come to closer quarters, they had great iron grappling-hooks fixed to chains, and these they hurled into each others' ships to draw them together and hold them fast while the men engaged. Warning: This article contains major spoilers for Game of Thrones.Last weekend, Game of Thrones fans were treated to its most climactic battle yet: The Battle … The French effort was soon to be aided by 20 Genoese galleys under the command of Ayton Doria who, followed by 17 Moroccan galleys, sailed north to join the French fleet. The French fleet, called the “Great Army of the Sea,” appeared off Sluys on June 8. The Battle at Northallerton: Knights on Foot. Philip VI was determined to push the issue, and succeeded in wooing various allies and vassals of the English King to transfer their allegiance to the French. In the early afternoon of June 24, they began to press down from the north on the entrance to the Zwin. Reaching the English government two days later, the news of the French attacks at Sluys caused a near panic, many of the king’s advisers claiming the odds were too great to force a confrontation with such an armada. There, the French demonstrated that they had not learned from their mistakes at Sluys. Traditional methods of fighting in battle in sea and on land with infantry was to fight parallel to your enemy. Grimaldi’s success can be attributed to his being one component of a two-pronged attack. Fortunately for him, the French naval force was not able to keep him bottled up in Flanders, nor to prevent him from returning in the summer. Edward continued to believe that the English coast was under threat. In the short term, the victory at Sluys sent an important message to the anti-French forces in Flanders—aggressively wooed by the English king—that French interests could be flouted, and that an English alliance would be profitable. ARTILLERY EMPLO4MENT AT THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG: An analysis of-how Union artillery forces were employed during the Battle of Gettysburg, 1-3 July 183e by Major Mark R. Gilmore, USA, 93 pages. A force of French, Genoese, and Castilian ships intercepted an English force but was defeated by massed archers. how effective were these strategies? According to N.A.M. 6731 Whittier Avenue, Suite C-100 McLean, VA 22101, From Tolkien to Hitler: Famous Soldiers of World War I, The Battle for Omaha Beach: The Men of the D-Day Invasion, Napoleon Bonaparte’s Last Campaign: The Battle of Waterloo, Operation Barbarossa: World War II’s Eastern Front, The Battle of Gettysburg: Turning Point of the American Civil War, What Made the German Luger the Most Famous Pistol in Modern Warfare, The Essential Role of Navy PBR Boats in the Vietnam War, Lucian K. Truscott: The Soldier’s General, The Real Story of General George Patton, Jr’s Death & Final Days, P-40 Fighter Pilot: Fighting for His Life, Marine Sergeant Mitchell Paige: Valor on Guadalcanal, The Wars of the Roses: The Weapons That Defined the English Civil Wars. The French decided on a battle strategy that suggests the French admirals, Hugh Quieret and Nicholas Behuchat, did not trust their ships’ fighting capabilities and above all feared the English slipping by and landing their army. Admiral Barbavera, the experienced commander of the Genoese fleet, was concerned about this. Given these, one of the features of a battle that I chose not to model was maneuver. Isabella and her lover, Roger Mortimer, had together deposed Edward II and proclaimed her son Edward III as king. He suggested that Quieret and Behuchet take their fleets into the open ocean where they would have a better chance to maneuver and meet the English fleet on more favorable terms, but his colleagues balked. Any maneuver occurred before the battle to get the most to the best ground. Richmond has pointed out that the very concept of “command of the sea” is an anachronism for the period of the Hundred Years’ War. Get an answer for 'What battle strategies did each side employ in the First World War 1? It is historically important in that it resulted in the destruction of most of France's fleet, making a French invasion of England impossible, and ensuring that the remainder of the war would be fought mostly in France. Edward spent a lot of monetary and political capital for very little gain, but it was gain he hoped to build on in 1340. Archbishop Stratford resigned and was succeeded by his brother Robert, Bishop of Chichester. According to Jonathan Sumption, author of a multivolume history of the Hundred Years’ War, the French soon “swiftly and brutally occupied the island of Cadzand and anchored in the mouth of the River Zwin opposite the harbor of Sluys. Although some large weapons like catapults and giant crossbows were … He therefore advised the Frenc… The day after the battle, Edward, more victorious at this moment than he no doubt had thought possible two days earlier, went on a pilgrimage to the church of Our Lady of Ardembourg. There are moments in military history that forever alter the flow of human events. Each line was chained together to form an impregnable barrier. The Battle of Sluys 24th June 1340 Map: by John Fawkes. The idea was to hold the enemy close to weaken them for a victorious assault. By 1878, the part-time Zulu army was neither professional nor well trained. We came to the conclusion that the tactics employed at the Battle of the Somme and the heavy artillery which was used lacked innovation and was not worth the devastating death toll. This was a large force by medieval standards, especially in association with a fleet. In April, Lord Morley sailed for Flanders with a fleet of 63 ships. After Mass, Edward made for Ghent where he was able to prevail upon the citizens there (not least due to his victory at Sluys and a fiery speech by Jacob van Artevelde, leader of the united Flemish communities rebellious to France) to have himself recognized as King of France. Edward II soon died in captivity and was widely believed to have been murdered. Read More . The French name of Sluys is L’Ecluse which translates to a lock; porte d’ecluse is a sluice gate. Garcie Arnaud, Lord of Navailles, had been pursuing a judgment against Edward III for years, but Edward’s attorneys had always been able to stall. The English had no adequate defenses for whatever the French force planned, except to try and respond to each attack as it happened. Raiding and the deliberate destruction of resources lay at the heart of medieval strategy on land and at sea. In all matters they relied on instructions from theirindunas(officers) who, in turn, demanded The initial tactic was to bombard german trenches a week before the attack. Then, Edward III, in a pique of anger, waived the normal conventions of aristocratic warfare and had Behuchet hanged from the mast of his flagship. The French also received the aid of a Castilian fleet, which attacked an English convoy in the Bay of Biscay in August, capturing two English ships. What happened at Orgreave? He realised that they would lack manoverability in their anchorage and be open to attack from the ship-based English archers. Although Froissart’s account of the battle is truncated in time— making it seem like the dispositions of the two fleets and the attack of the English followed quickly upon the two forces sighting one another—he nevertheless gives a stirring battle narrative. Often the ships promised did not even exist. Although ultimately a failure, this offensive nevertheless had some local successes, not least because of Philip’s refusal to risk battle against an English army supported by Flemish and Imperial allies. The dispositions of the French were made in accordance with the usual medieval tactics of a fleet fighting on the defensive. Barbavera, as the most experienced sailor among the commanders, counseled caution. No quarter was given once a ship was boarded, and those who threw themselves into the sea, as many did, were picked up by the Flemings on the foreshore and clubbed to death.” Perhaps between 16,000 and 18,000 Frenchmen were killed. In order to come to closer quarters, they had great iron grappling-hooks fixed to chains, and these they hurled into each others' ships to draw them together and hold them fast while the men engaged. Ahead through the mist was the fleet that King Philip VI of France had kept constantly at sea since hostilities between the two countries had begun three years before in what would come to be known as the Hundred Years’ War. The Opposing Forces: Initially the French had the superior fleet, their galleys were ideal for swift passage across the Channel under sail or oars, could penetrate shallow harbours and were highly manoeuvrable and ideal for raiding or ship-to-ship combat. Edward’s claim to the French throne through his mother promised to be renewed. When the French realized that the English were winning, they wanted to retreat but they could not because, again, they were on a boat. Cavalry (soldiers on horseback) used pistols and sabers to fight with as they were easier to use while riding a horse. Doria’s men were unhappy with their lack of pay and sent representatives to Phillip VI to petition for redress. According to Froissart, “The battle … was cruel and horrible. NEW! The Hundred Years’ War was in actuality a series of wars between England and France, waged ostensibly over the continental lands that England claimed in its territories of modern France, the manner by which they were held, and who possessed the ultimate controlling authority. Indeed, the nature of the naval war was always one of shifting advantages. Eventually, the English naval organization began to come around and pull together as an effective force, at least for defense. Philip vs Edward at the Battle of Crécy. “I shall cross the sea and those who are afraid may stay at home,” he announced. The English army had landed in the Cotentin … Horses were removed to make room for infantry, and strong messages were sent to every reachable port to provide all ships over 40 tons. On the Flanders coast, his fleet encountered an enemy convoy escorted by Genoese galleys. What circumstance at the Battle of Sluys made retreat for the French even more of a problem? The main lines of English naval strategy in 1340 were laid down on 23 January at Westminster at a meeting between the royal Council and shipmasters from the main English ports. No comments. He did not recognize the resulting shift in French plans for their naval forces from offensive operations to a mission of support for a land campaign. and that only its failure to operate properly before the Battle of Sluys caused the King to take steps to reform it. Given the advantage of hindsight, what could the French have done to improve their chances of defeating the English? Both sides used grappling hooks to hold an enemy ship fast while it was boarded, but it was the English who eventually got the better of the battle. In the annals of military history magazines, this is one of those moments. Due to silting and land reclamation Sluys or L’Écluse in French or Sluis in Dutch is now well inland; in the mid 14th Century Sluys was a great harbour able to take large numbers of ships. Now the English had a tremendous advantage in weight of ship as their cogs towered over the smaller French ships in their second line and they were able to rake the decks of the French from their greater height. The Hundred Years’ War was a series of wars between England’s Plantagenet Dynasty and France’s House of Valois and lasted 116 years! Use of the longbow, they trapped the French in the inlet of the Zwin River. Battle tactics Precision in military manoeuvres was crucial to the armies of the early nineteenth century, especially to infantry, which formed the bulk of all the forces engaged. Its worth was negative or defensive until the battle of Sluys. Some of Edward’s most important subjects in Guyenne, such as the Abbot of La Sauve-Majeure and the Count of Armagnac, were lured away from him by a combination of military and judicial pressure. Although hindsight shows that such an alliance held little value to either side in the long run, it did eventually lead to an even greater English victory at Crécy. The front lines of the two forces included their largest ships. But, beyond that, the king’s council was often flooded with appeals for consideration—either for delay or for limitation of a community’s requirement. But there’s NEVER been anything like THIS before. For, at the same time, Doria attacked Harwich, the south coast, and Bristol Channel. Battle of Sluys. They did not stop Edward III from crossing to Flanders, but were successful in cutting his lines of communication behind him. In the first line were 19 of their largest vessels, including the captured cog Christopher, which stood out larger than the others. British planned an attack on a 24 km front between Serre, north of Ancre, and Curlu north of Somme. The decisive naval Battle of Sluys (/ ˈ s l ɔɪ z /; Dutch pronunciation: ), also called Battle of l'Ecluse was fought on 24 June 1340 as one of the opening conflicts of the Hundred Years' War. Inside, the French fleet lay in wait, commanded by Admirals Hugh Quieret and Nicholas Behuchet. In September, the Genoese proved their worth by capturing Guernsey, another Channel Island. Thirsty for revenge, Edward III’s ships smashed against the formidable French fleet in the 1340 Battle of Sluys. Indeed, the French and their Castilian allies made the English victims of innovation stemming from the ideas of their Mediterranean commanders. It depicts the Battle of Sluys which was fought in 1340 between england and France but it gives a good idea that a sea battle was really about getting the ships alongside one another and then being engaged in hand to hand fighting. For, as in the English land battles that were to come in the following years, the English crews were equipped with the longbow, which was greatly superior to the crossbow used by the French and their Italian allies. A great council, summoned to consider the question, gave the crown to Louis’s brother Philip, who reigned as Philip V. Upon his death six years later, another brother, Charles, was crowned as Charles IV. The Creeping Barrage - Verdun. Both French commanders were killed and the victory gave the English control of the English Channel. Nor was the importance of it, or the results that could be attained by it, seen as clearly by contemporaries as land battles and campaigns. The English tried to block their path and the battle devolved into a series of skirmishes as more and more French ships made toward the open sea. Categories: Military History. The situation was further exacerbated by Scottish barge attacks on English shipping to northern castles and strongholds. The French rushed in to confront an English Army determined to stand its ground at the 1346 Battle of Crécy. Quieret and Behuchet were afraid that any move to the open ocean would provide an opening for the English force to sail in behind them and land in Flanders. Reinforcements from Flemish and Spanish allies brought their force to 213 vessels. Consequently, early English plans to hold back some of their larger vessels from the invasion force for coastal defense continued unabated until June. This was the very force that had done such damage to England’s merchant fleet and her coastline, most particularly in the audacious and devastating attack on the city of Southampton two years earlier. The French decided on a battle strategy that suggests the French admirals, Hugh Quieret and Nicholas Behuchat, did not trust their ships’ fighting capabilities and above all feared the English slipping by and landing their army. Plumer's Tactic of Small Gain - Passchendaele. Above all it could be fired at a very rapid rate.” He quotes a London observer as describing arrows falling on the French crews “like hail in winter,” while “crossbows had to be lowered and steadied at the stirrup while the wire was strenuously levered back between every firing.”. The reason there were so few engagements of the decisiveness of Sluys was because, according to historian C.F. The idea was to hold the enemy close to weaken them for a victorious assault. 18 November 2015. ... Study of the specificities of hedgerow warfare during the Battle of Normandy in 1944. Although they again outnumbered the English, it was the French disposition, lack of cohesion, and surrender of the initiative to the English that led to defeat. On May 16, the English royal council met and pushed back the deadline for gathering the ships until June 12, which would mean a sailing date around the 20th. Sluys was the foreport of Bruges in the Low Countries just north of Zeebrugge. U.S. history' and find homework help for other History questions at eNotes He did succeed, however, in reinforcing Guernsey and capturing the fortress cities of Bourg and Blaye on the Garonne River. Grimaldi attempted to capture Jersey, but failed. The Normans, unable to understand these maneuvers, thought that the English were trying to avoid giving battle; but they were delighted to see that King Edward’s standard was flown, for they were eager to fight him.” It was then that the English fleet “advanced to the sound of trumpets and other warlike instruments.”. In captivity and was not popular at the 1346 Battle of the features of a French at. Is eventually what happened the beginning of the War also heated up an already warm conflict on the.! Than muskets, but took a lot longer time to load to operate properly before attack. Defeated by massed archers the Cotentin … Rifles were more accurate than muskets, these... 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