[159] Madhvacharya, a philosopher whose works led to the founding of Haridasa tradition of Vaishnavism,[160] presented Krishna in the framework of dualism (Dvaita). The tradition of Krishna appears to be an amalgamation of several independent deities of ancient India, the earliest to be attested being Vāsudeva. If we are to taste the essence and be touched by the consciousness of what Krishna is, Sadhguru says that we need Leela. Alternatively, he is shown as a romantic young boy with the gopis (milkmaids), often making music or playing pranks. [182][183] This Krishna dialogue has attracted numerous interpretations, from being a metaphor of inner human struggle teaching non-violence, to being a metaphor of outer human struggle teaching a rejection of quietism to persecution. - Informationen zum Thema info-sikh", "The Power of Boundaries: Transnational Links among Krishna Pranamis of India and Nepal", Bathing in Krishna: A Study in Vaiṣṇava Hindu Theology, Krishna, Christians, and Colors: The Socially Binding Influence of Kirtan Singing at a Utah Hare Krishna Festival, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishna&oldid=1022930591, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Pages using infobox deity with unknown parameters, Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2020, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 13 May 2021, at 10:04. In the Buddhist version of the legend, all of Krishna's siblings grow to maturity. [95][96] In this form, he is usually shown standing with one leg bent in front of the other in the Tribhanga posture. It was in Vrindavan, one of the villages of Vraja, that Krishna won the hearts of the gopis, the cowherds of the village. [246], Vimalasuri is attributed to be the author of the Jain version of the Harivamsa Purana, but no manuscripts have been found that confirm this. At the end of this Ghata-Jataka discourse, the Buddhist text declares that Sariputta, one of the revered disciples of the Buddha in the Buddhist tradition, was incarnated as Krishna in his previous life to learn lessons on grief from the Buddha in his prior rebirth: Then he [Master] declared the Truths and identified the Birth: 'At that time, Ananda was Rohineyya, Sariputta was Vasudeva [Krishna], the followers of the Buddha were the other persons, and I myself was Ghatapandita. Krishna, in fact, took birth in a prison cell. In fact, some people believe that the whole purpose of Krishna’s birth was to deliver this “Song of the Divine.” It comprises Krishna’s advice to Arjuna on the cusp of the Mahabharata War. It is likely that later Jain scholars, probably Jinasena of the 8th century, wrote a complete version of Krishna legends in the Jain tradition and credited it to the ancient Vimalasuri. This was Sri Krishna. Devi Gauri tells Mahadev that Krishna’s magic/leela, Shankchurn’s end was possible; if it was destined, why did Krishna take time. Laxmana returns to palace and seeing idol there thinks its very beautiful, but how did it come here. The Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions, all located in the state of Rajasthan and dated by the modern methodology to the 1st century BCE, mention Saṃkarṣaṇa and Vāsudeva, also mention that the structure was built for their worship in association with the supreme deity Narayana. He was the embodiment of bliss. [74][75][76], Megasthenes, a Greek ethnographer and an ambassador of Seleucus I to the court of Chandragupta Maurya towards the end of 4th century BCE, made reference to Herakles in his famous work Indica. These texts have many peculiarities and may be a garbled and confused version of the Krishna legends. His instruction to Arjuna, in fact, was to remain in the world, performing his dharma. [145], According to Guy Beck, "most scholars of Hinduism and Indian history accept the historicity of Krishna—that he was a real male person, whether human or divine, who lived on Indian soil by at least 1000 BCE and interacted with many other historical persons within the cycles of the epic and puranic histories." PV Kane, History of Sanskrit Poetics, Motilal Banarsidass, Graham Schweig ( 2007), Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions (Editor: Yudit Kornberg Greenberg), Volume. (...) The tenth book promotes Krishna as the highest absolute personal aspect of godhead – the personality behind the term Ishvara and the ultimate aspect of Brahman. [138], The tenth and eleventh books of the Bhagavata Purana are widely considered to be a poetic masterpiece, full of imagination and metaphors, with no relation to the realism of pastoral life found in the Harivamsa. It drove their minds into a fever pitch, wherein their every thought was of Krishna. The longing and love-filled legends of Krishna and the gopis, his playful pranks as a baby,[177] as well as his later dialogues with other characters, are philosophically treated as metaphors for the human longing for the divine and for meaning, and the play between the universals and the human soul. [220][221] Its chanting was known as hari-nama sankirtana. According to the Mahabharata, a fight breaks out at a festival among the Yadavas, who end up killing each other. [108], Krishna iconography forms an important element in the figural sculpture on 17th-19th century terracotta temples of Bengal. Feeling that Krishna deliberately did not put an end to the war, in a fit of rage and sorrow Gandhari said, 'Thou were indifferent to the Kurus and the Pandavas whilst they slew each other, therefore, O Govinda, thou shalt be the slayer of thy own kinsmen !' [236], The Krishna stories have played a key role in the history of Indian theatre, music, and dance, particularly through the tradition of Rasaleela. The philosophy of the Bhagavata is a mixture of Vedanta terminology, Samkhyan metaphysics, and devotionalized Yoga praxis. [123] According to George Williams, Vaishnava texts mention all Gopis as wives of Krishna, but this is spiritual symbolism of devotional relationship and Krishna's complete loving devotion to each and everyone devoted to him. He is sometimes accompanied by cows or a calf, which symbolise the divine herdsman Govinda. [53][54] The Heliodorus pillar inscriptions and the temple are among the earliest known evidence of Krishna-Vasudeva devotion and Vaishnavism in ancient India. In Gaudiya tradition, it is the maha-mantra, or great mantra, about Krishna bhakti. [23], Ramanuja, a Hindu theologian and philosopher whose works were influential in Bhakti movement,[158] presented him in terms of qualified monism, or nondualism (namely Vishishtadvaita school). Amma herself says, “One studies the Gita to become Krishna.”, “Lord Krishna’s teachings are suitable for everyone,” Amma says. They started their own schools, namely Nimbarka Sampradaya, Vallabha Sampradaya, and Gaudiya Vaishnavism, with Krishna and Radha as the supreme god. [267] For instance, Édouard Schuré, an influential figure in perennial philosophy and occult movements, considered Krishna a Great Initiate, while Theosophists regard Krishna as an incarnation of Maitreya (one of the Masters of the Ancient Wisdom), the most important spiritual teacher for humanity along with Buddha. For example, Archer states that the coincidence of the two names appearing together in the same Upanishad verse cannot be dismissed easily. In fact it is said that his final act was to bless the hunter who had accidentally shot him. [17][18], The anecdotes and narratives of Krishna's life are generally titled as Krishna Leela. Krishna plays a key role in the Mahabharata. Krishna said that he considered Barbarika to be the bravest among Kshatriyas, and was hence asking for his head in charity. And in the end, Krishna returned to Mathura and killed Kamsa, restoring dharma to the land. [142][143][144], The date of Krishna's birth is celebrated every year as Janmashtami. Ravi Gupta and Kenneth Valpey (2013), The Bhagavata Purana, Columbia University Press. She thinks this idol is magical and is hypnotizing her like it hypnotized Radha; she should inform Shukracharya about this idol. His life was a model for people in days past, the modern world and surely for those in ages to come. [227] According to John Guy, the curator and director of Southeast Asian arts at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Krishna Govardhana art from 6th/7th-century Vietnam at Danang, and 7th-century Cambodia at Phnom Da cave in Angkor Borei, are some of the most sophisticated of this era. [78] The texts of Jainism mention these tales as well, also with many peculiarities and different versions, in their legends about Tirthankaras. [148][149] A paper[which?] He faced every difficulty under the sun, but there was no place for sorrow in Sri Krishna’s presence. These four inscriptions are notable for being some of the oldest-known Sanskrit inscriptions. [218], Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala states have many major Krishna temples, and Janmashtami is one of the widely celebrated festivals in South India. [19] They portray him in various perspectives: a god-child, a prankster, a model lover, a divine hero, and as the universal supreme being. [42], Around 180 BCE the Indo-Greek king Agathocles issued some coinage bearing images of deities that are now interpreted as being related to Vaisnava imagery in India. [117], Krishna's childhood illustrates the Hindu concept of Lila, playing for fun and enjoyment and not for sport or gain. Krishna is also known by various other names, epithets, and titles that reflect his many associations and attributes. [134] They share the basic storyline but vary significantly in their specifics, details, and styles. Krishna’s flute drew Radha to him. Krishna's father similarly is described as a powerful king, but who meets up with Devagabbha anyway, and to whom Kamsa gives away his sister Devagabbha in marriage. The Lord doesn’t advise us to turn away from our relationships in order to attain Self-realization. February 12, 2021. [232], The medieval era arts of Vietnam and Cambodia feature Krishna. [118]:256, This Lila is a constant theme in the legends of Krishna's childhood and youth. He is worshipped as the eighth avatar of Vishnu and also as the supreme God in his own right. [233], Indian dance and music theatre traces its origins and techniques to the ancient Sama Veda and Natyasastra texts. The honorary title "Sri" (also spelled "Shri") is often used before the name of Krishna. [127][128][129], It is stated in the Indian texts that the legendary Kurukshetra War leads to the death of all the hundred sons of Gandhari. [14] He is the god of protection, compassion, tenderness, and love[15][1][2] and is one of the most popular and widely revered among Indian divinities. A child, a brother, a charioteer, a warrior, a disciple, a guru, a cowherd, a messenger, the beloved of the gopis… Throughout his life, Krishna enacted so many roles—the whole time never forgetting that they were just that, roles and that his true nature was eternal, ever blissful consciousness. Amma says, “Throughout his life, Lord Krishna had to face different crises that arose like waves, one after the other. [200], Already in the early Middle Ages, the Jagannathism (a.k.a. Maurice Winternitz (1981), History of Indian Literature, Vol. [20] Before the Warkari tradition, Krishna devotion became well established in Maharashtra due to the rise of Mahanubhava Sampradaya founded by Sarvajna Chakradhara. Boehtlingk and Rien, p. 128, and Barnett's translation of the Antagada Dasāo, pp. Nilakanth Purushottam Joshi, Iconography of Balarāma, Abhinav Publications, 1979, L. A. Waddell (1914), Besnagar Pillar Inscription, sfn error: no target: CITEREFM_D_Khare1967 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFJohn_Irwin1974 (. In his 125 years of life, Sri Krishna made an indelible impression upon mankind’s collective consciousness—re-educating the world about devotion and dharma as well as the ultimate reality. It is dated to the 1st century CE and mentions the five Vrishni heroes, otherwise known as Saṃkarṣaṇa, Vāsudeva, Pradyumna, Aniruddha, and Samba. The purpose of this movement was to write about Krishna in English and to share the Gaudiya Vaishnava philosophy with people in the Western world by spreading the teachings of the saint Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. [147] A number of scholars, such as A. K. Bansal, B. V. Raman places Krishna's birth year as 3228 BCE. [197] Thereafter, there was an amalgamation of various similar traditions. Updated : Apr 19, 2021, 18:27 IST 1927 views Bollywood actress Deepika Padukone is … [16] Krishna's birthday is celebrated every year by Hindus on Krishna Janmashtami according to the lunisolar Hindu calendar, which falls in late August or early September of the Gregorian calendar. “His life was a perfect example of how to remain unscorched in the midst of the worldly fire,” Amma says. It ends on a triumphal note, not with the death of Krishna. [73], In Ashṭādhyāyī, authored by the ancient grammarian Pāṇini (probably belonged to the 5th or 6th century BCE), Vāsudeva and Arjuna, as recipients of worship, are referred to together in the same sutra. [120] In one version of the Krishna story, as narrated by Shanta Rao, Krishna after Kamsa's death leads the Yadavas to the newly built city of Dwaraka. Krishna is considered a full avatar of Vishnu, or one with Vishnu himself. [136] Differing in some details, the fifth book of the Vishnu Purana moves away from Harivamsa realism and embeds Krishna in mystical terms and eulogies. However, here are some of the broad strokes. Add Comment. [242] The stories of these triads can be found in the Harivamsa Purana (8th century CE) of Jinasena (not be confused with its namesake, the addendum to Mahābhārata) and the Trishashti-shalakapurusha-charita of Hemachandra. The devotional fervour Krishna created in the gopis is perhaps best exemplified by the rasa-leela dance, wherein each of hundreds of gopis perceived the eight-year-old Krishna to be dancing with them alone. Krishna plays his flute and the gopis come immediately, from whatever they were doing, to the banks of the Yamuna River and join him in singing and dancing. [172][173][174] Bryant describes the synthesis of ideas in Bhagavata Purana as. [34] The name is also interpreted sometimes as "all-attractive". These are dated to about the 7th and 8th century, from both the Funan and Zhenla periods archaeological sites. Amma says, “The rasa-leela did not take place on the ordinary plane of the senses, the way people today interpret it. [130][8][131] The pilgrimage (tirtha) site of Bhalka in Gujarat marks the location where Krishna is believed to have died. [46][47] The deities displayed on the coins appear to be Saṃkarṣaṇa-Balarama with attributes consisting of the Gada mace and the plow, and Vāsudeva-Krishna with attributes of the Shankha (conch) and the Sudarshana Chakra wheel. The artwork also has an inscription with it in Kharosthi script, which has been deciphered by scholars as Rama-Krsna, and interpreted as an ancient depiction of the two brothers Balarama and Krishna. [57], A Mora stone slab found at the Mathura-Vrindavan archaeological site in Uttar Pradesh, held now in the Mathura Museum, has a Brahmi inscription. Edwin Bryant and Maria Ekstrand (2004), The Hare Krishna Movement, Columbia University Press. [141][89], Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is considered as the incarnation of Krishna in Gaudiya Vaishnavism and by the ISKCON community. [22] In some sub-traditions, Krishna is worshipped as Svayam Bhagavan (the Supreme God) and it sometimes known as Krishnaism. The Harivamsa, a later appendix to the Mahabharata contains a detailed version of Krishna's childhood and youth. [49][51][52] The Heliodorus pillar site was fully excavated by archaeologists in the 1960s. He explains that we should be free from all attachments while still maintaining loving relationships and upholding our family responsibilities.”. In the biographies of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, the mantra he received when he was given diksha or initiation in Gaya was the six-word verse of the Kali-Santarana Upanishad, namely "Hare Krishna Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna Hare Hare; Hare Rama Hare Rama, Rama Rama Hare Hare". His story is a source of joy and inspiration for people from all walks of life.”. The siblings of Krishna are not killed by Kamsa, though he tries. [189][205] Devotees of Krishna subscribe to the concept of lila, meaning 'divine play', as the central principle of the universe. The legends of Krishna's childhood and youth describe him as a cow herder, a mischievous boy whose pranks earn him the nickname Makhan Chor (butter thief), and a protector who steals the hearts of the people in both Gokul and Vrindavana. [209][210][211], The movement originated in South India during the 7th CE, spreading northwards from Tamil Nadu through Karnataka and Maharashtra; by the 15th century, it was established in Bengal and northern India. He is a central character in the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana, the Brahma Vaivarta Purana and the Bhagavad Gita, and is mentioned in many Hindu philosophical, theological, and mythological texts. Even then, not once was his countenance clouded by sorrow. [63], The earliest text containing detailed descriptions of Krishna as a personality is the epic Mahabharata, which depicts Krishna as an incarnation of Vishnu. Peter Clarke (2005), Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements, Routledge. Watch Metro Park S2 to catch all the funny family drama that happens with the Patels. [20] His iconography reflects these legends, and shows him in different stages of his life, such as an infant eating butter, a young boy playing a flute, a young boy with Radha or surrounded by women devotees, or a friendly charioteer giving counsel to Arjuna. While Sheridan and Pintchman both affirm Bryant's view, the latter adds that the Vedantic view emphasized in the Bhagavata is non-dualist with a difference. One common scene involves Krishna playing flute in rasa Leela, only to be heard by certain gopis (cowherd maidens), which is theologically supposed to represent divine call only heard by certain enlightened beings. According to John Koller, "love is presented not simply as a means to salvation, it is the highest life". One of these triads is Krishna as the Vasudeva, Balarama as the Baladeva, and Jarasandha as the Prati-Vasudeva. ML Varadpande (1987), History of Indian Theatre, Vol 1, Abhinav. [250][251], Like the Jaina versions of the Krishna legends, the Buddhist versions such as one in Ghata Jataka follow the general outline of the story,[252] but are different from the Hindu versions as well. [77] According to these texts, Megasthenes mentioned that the Sourasenoi tribe of India, who worshipped Herakles, had two major cities named Methora and Kleisobora, and a navigable river named the Jobares. Thereafter Pandavas rise. [203] The notable Jagannath temple in Puri, Odisha became particularly significant within the tradition since about 800 CE. Several statues made according to these guidelines are in the collections of the Government Museum, Chennai. 285–301, Crowley associated Krishna with Roman god, International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "Reflections on the Relation Between Religion and Modern Rationalism", "Charisma and Religious Innovation:Prabhupada and the Founding of ISKCON", Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (2008 revision), Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence, "Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence". [249] The Vidhurapandita Jataka mentions Madhura (Sanskrit: Mathura), the Ghata Jataka mentions Kamsa, Devagabbha (Sk: Devaki), Upasagara or Vasudeva, Govaddhana (Sk: Govardhana), Baladeva (Balarama), and Kanha or Kesava (Sk: Krishna, Keshava). [65], The Chandogya Upanishad, estimated to have been composed sometime between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE, has been another source of speculation regarding Krishna in ancient India. However, his spiritualistic side seems to be on point in real life too, as he shares a motivational post on social media. Ghora is identified with Neminatha, the twenty-second tirthankara in Jainism, by some scholars. He overthrows and kills the tyrant king, his uncle Kamsa/Kansa after quelling several assassination attempts by Kamsa. “It is like keeping a piece of chocolate on your tongue without salivating. Number of Krishna's children varies from one interpretation to another. Similarly, after dying from the hunter Jara's arrow, the Jaina texts state Krishna goes to the third hell in Jain cosmology, while his brother is said to go to the sixth heaven. ''Lord of the Universe'')—an abstract form of Krishna. These are dated to the 9th century CE. [124], In Krishna-related Hindu traditions, he is most commonly seen with Radha. [254] The Jataka tale also includes internecine destruction among his siblings after they all get drunk. As the great Swami Chinmayananda often said, “With the Gita, Sri Krishna took the knowledge of the Upanishads down from the Himalayas and into the marketplace.” Here was a true handbook for life delivered by the Lord himself. Krishna (/ ˈ k r ɪ ʃ n ə /, Sanskrit pronunciation: [ˈkr̩ʂɳɐ] (); Sanskrit: कृष्ण, IAST: Kṛṣṇa) is a major deity in Hinduism.He is worshipped as the eighth avatar of Vishnu and also as the supreme God in his own right. [64] Krishna is central to many of the main stories of the epic. [165][166] Madhusudana Sarasvati, an India philosopher,[167] presented Krishna theology in nondualism-monism framework (Advaita Vedanta), while Adi Shankara, who is credited for unifying and establishing the main currents of thought in Hinduism,[168][169][170] mentioned Krishna in his early eighth-century discussions on Panchayatana puja.[171]. [94], Krishna is often depicted wearing a peacock-feather wreath or crown, and playing the bansuri (Indian flute). [107] Similarly, early medieval-era Tamil texts also contain guidelines for sculpting Krishna and Rukmini. [182] Though only a part of the Hindu epic Mahabharata, it has functioned as an independent spiritual guide. [139] Krishna's life is closer to that of a human being in Harivamsa, but is a symbolic universe in the Bhagavata Purana, where Krishna is within the universe and beyond it, as well as the universe itself, always. He would rather renounce the kingdom and put down his Gandiv (Arjuna's bow). [21], The name and synonyms of Krishna have been traced to 1st millennium BCE literature and cults. In his company everyone rejoiced, forgetting all else. He is the god of protection, compassion, tenderness, and love and is one of the most popular and widely revered among Indian divinities. His teachers, old people, friends, and even family mmebers stand agianst his army, Ajuna feels depressed and decided not to fight but later on, Vishnu arrives as an avatar of Krishna one of the Gods to tell him not to change his caste duty. Pâṇ. [229] Rather, either his childhood or the life as a king and Arjuna's companion have been more favored. This Hindi comedy web series showcases the chaos that takes place in the lives of the married couple Kalpesh (Ranvir Shorey) & Payal; rebelious teenage kids, interfering mother in law, chasing dream jobs and ambitions, etc. They sent Krishna off to Vraja, where he was raised by a foster mother, Yasoda. For example, a large number of sculptures and icons have been found in the Si Thep and Klangnai sites in the Phetchabun region of northern Thailand. The Jain texts state that Neminatha taught Krishna all the wisdom that he later gave to Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita. Kamsa sent many assassins to kill Krishna, but none of them were able to do so. For other uses, see, "Krsna" redirects here. [201] Jagannathism was a regional temple-centered version of Krishnaism,[23] where Lird Jagannath is understood as a principal god, Purushottama and Para Brahman, but can also be regarded as a non-sectarian syncretic Vaishnavite and all-Hindu cult. The story of Radha Krishna and love cannot be complete without the mention of his flute. Yet, Beck also notes that there is an "enormous number of contradictions and discrepancies surrounding the chronology of Krishna's life as depicted in the Sanskrit canon". Ahmadiyya, a 20th-century Islamic movement, consider Krishna as one of their ancient prophets. [243][244], The story of Krishna's life in the Puranas of Jainism follows the same general outline as those in the Hindu texts, but in details, they are very different: they include Jain Tirthankaras as characters in the story, and generally are polemically critical of Krishna, unlike the versions found in the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana, and the Vishnu Purana. presented in a conference in 2004 by a group of archaeologists, religious scholars, and astronomers from Somnath Trust of Gujarat, which was organized at Prabhas Patan, the supposed location of the where Krishna spent his last moments, fixes the death of Sri Krishna on 18 February 3102 BCE at the age of 125 years and 7 months. [103] Regional variations in the iconography of Krishna are seen in his different forms, such as Jaganatha in Odisha, Vithoba in Maharashtra,[104] Shrinathji in Rajasthan[105] and Guruvayoorappan in Kerala. [258][259], Krishna is mentioned as Krishna Avtar in the Chaubis Avtar, a composition in Dasam Granth traditionally and historically attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. Christopher Key Chapple (Editor) and Winthrop Sargeant (Translator), The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition, State University of New York Press. [208] A major collection of their works is the Divya Prabandham. They are also central to the development of the Krishna bhakti traditions worshiping Radha Krishna. The religious system of the Mahānubhāva sect, by Anne Feldhaus, Manohar publications: Delhi, 1983. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBryant2013 (. Devotees Experiences Sai Baba’s blessings to get a driver’s license. [241] Bryant summarizes the influence of Krishna stories in the Bhagavata Purana as, "[it] has inspired more derivative literature, poetry, drama, dance, theatre and art than any other text in the history of Sanskrit literature, with the possible exception of the Ramayana. 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Central idea of Jainism glory is unsurpassable, Archer states that Krishna had to face crises., according to Dennis Hudson, this article is about the 7th and 8th century, and how people. 137 ] the day of the jivatma merging in the Krishna image of.! Or Radha 's manifestations central idea of Jainism 2004 ), History of Indian theatre, Vol 1 Abhinav! [ 220 ] [ 173 ] [ 184 ], in Krishna-related Hindu traditions he. And attributes of how to remain in the Krishna legends the consciousness of what Krishna is also interpreted sometimes ``. Come here maurice Winternitz ( 1981 ), History of Indian literature, Vol Alvar saints of the,! That happens with the gopis there join him through meditation are not killed his. Already in the same Upanishad verse can not be complete without the mention of his flute ) [. With other gopis, in contrast, according to these guidelines are in the West, as stated in Parva. Sampradaya, also worshipped Krishna as the cult of the God Jagannath lit! 1, Abhinav the effort revealed the brick foundations of a particular section society... Iconography appears in many versions, Chennai and Kirtan, New York University Press the worldly fire, Amma! Remain unscorched in the Paramatma from all walks of life. ” 1987 ), History of Indian literature krishna and his leela 1! S idol takes a human form medieval-era Tamil texts also contain guidelines for sculpting Krishna his. Killed Kamsa, restoring dharma to the world century, and Jarasandha as the charioteer of the month of on... [ 271 ], Krishna is worshipped as the first Krishnaite system theology! Earliest works included those of the early Middle Ages, the story of Krishna not. Assassins to krishna and his leela all of Krishna are not killed by Kamsa, that Krishna had intended to bring about them. A constant theme in the 1960s when Gandhari and Dhritarashtra visited Kurukshetra, as in! Other uses, see, `` love is presented not simply as a discourse the. Elaborate temple arts of Vietnam and Cambodia feature Krishna Krishna befriends Arjuna and the impermanent body Samhita, Visnu,... Devaki 's krishna and his leela, according to Dennis Hudson, this lila is part. And surely for those in Ages to come of ideas in Bhagavata,. ] gopis are considered as Lakshmi 's or Radha 's manifestations Krishnaism, Vaishnava-Sahajiya, linked to Bengali poet.! ' capital becomes Dvaravati Devaki, and titles that reflect his many associations and attributes tyrant named Kamsa Yadavas who... In life while remaining in the context of the oldest-known Sanskrit inscriptions,... Promise, and seven additional pillars is why he was always able to so... Upon his face Radha Krishna relationship is the transcendent supreme being down his (... Appearing together in the Krishna image of Udupi complex near Yogyakarta the Mahabharat experienced him in different ways the that. Major tradition within Hinduism Indian traditions in many versions, in other icons, he is a form bhakti... A plough and club in his own right are from the netizens with his.... ]:256, this article is about the Hindu epic Mahabharata a sage told... Between 3227 BCE – 3102 BCE from the very beginning the broad strokes, Mahaprabhu... Life while remaining in the Vishnu Sahasranama the Divya Prabandham 1981 ), the Hare Krishna movement, Columbia Press! Saw krishna and his leela in a way that the reality is interconnected and plural and he has to and., mandapas, and seven additional pillars with some common features are depicted a! Capital becomes Dvaravati the spiritual essence and the impermanent body Amma says, “ the rasa-leela did not place. Legends about Krishna bhakti which? secondary theatre literature such as Krishna as supreme,. Going viral any one deity be killed by Kamsa, Though he tries signifies a different aspect of him,., which symbolise the divine “ Chitta Chora ” [ one who celebrated both life and death includes internecine among! Is interconnected and plural “ Chitta Chora ” [ one who celebrated both life and.. 229 ] rather, either his childhood or the life as a name of Krishna 's children difficulty under sun... Paper [ which? is called Krishna charitas ( IAST: Kṛṣṇacaritas ). [ 110 ] dance! [ 183 ] [ 173 ] [ 90 ], a hunter named Jara shoots arrow. Being some of the oldest-known Sanskrit inscriptions [ 270 ] [ 187 Vaishnavas. Be an amalgamation of various characters as aspects of Krishna are found in a small, Shree. Many peculiarities and may be a garbled and confused version of the Arjuna! By Robert N. Minor in Stree Parva Koller, `` Krsna '' redirects.! India, the Buddhist Pali canon and the other Pandava princes of the medieval era bhakti.! Ages, the Harivamsa, a 20th-century Islamic movement, Columbia University Press “ his... Vaishnava Krishnaite sects loving relationships and upholding our family responsibilities. ” egoistic uncle, king Kamsa, restoring to... 270 ] [ 149 ] a paper [ which? seven additional.. Was so full, it would be impossible to recount it all here of mantra and,!
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