CCT NOTES. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): My aim here is to write out of the experience of “doing philosophy” with graduate students online through an educational web site template called WebCt. Stanford University explained that because Dewey “typically took a genealogical approach that couched his own view within the larger history of philosophy, one may also find a fully developed … "Philosophia" is the Ancient Greek word for the "love of wisdom".A person who does philosophy is called a philosopher.A philosopher is a kind of thinker or researcher. History keeps the track record of such efforts. The nature of art, for example, is hardly more general than the question of a grand unified theory in physics. The only way of doing philosophy is to actually do it as part of life. The answer is anything but obvious. Problem-solving and decision making are important aspects in life which can benefit from a knowledge of philosophy. As the cover blurb puts it, 'philosophy begins with common sense curiosity and develops through our capacity to dispute rationally with each other'. Dewey's works and philosophy also held great influence in the creation of the short-lived Black Mountain College in North Carolina, an experimental college focused on interdisciplinary study, and whose faculty included Buckminster Fuller, Willem de Kooning, Charles Olson, Franz Kline, Robert Duncan, Robert Creeley, and Paul Goodman, among others. I … People, East and West, have been doing philosophy for some two and a half millennia now; but how do you do philosophy? A community of philosophical (or any other) inquirers has no option but to operate from what it takes to be correct; but that is always going to be imperfect. Here, the human person establishes a relationship with the other not because of what she can get, but is premised on the idea that the other is a human person that deserves respect, care and love. Philosophy is a combination of two Greek words, philein sophia, meaning lover of wisdom.In ancient times a lover of wisdom could be related to any area where intelligence was expressed. After reading philosophy one will often have gathered some information and been entertained. Scott Soames has written two wonderfully useful books that will be valuable intro-ductions to twentieth century philosophy. Many will find this picture of philosophy unlovely. Moreover, other disciplines tend to be very self-conscious about their methodologies: one will often find courses on methodology in the relevant university departments. But this does not have to be carried out in a confrontational spirit. Doing philosophy 1. 36 Full PDFs related to this paper. Thus, secondary reflection allows us to think holistically. Many thanks go to Williamson for helpful comments on an earlier draft of this review. When it comes to the paradoxes of self-reference, this is not the whole story. Human beings have a unique facility to reason , it stems from our self conscious ability to know that we exist. If one uses the arguments found in a philosophical text as the occasion to evaluate the plausibility of one’s own justifications for believing what one believes, then one is doing philosophy. Philosophy and religion are connected and merged into one. 2. Since its inception, philosophy (East and West) has been an on-going process. Doing Philosophy: An Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person It then proceeds to more thematic reflections on the various aspects of the human person: The realities of embodied existence (chapter 3), the implications of existing in the world on the environment (chapter 4), and the responsibilities of human freedom (chapter 5). His sexuality was ambiguous but he was probably gay; how actively so is still a matter of controversy. There doesn't sound anything much that distinguishes philosophy from other disciplines in this. Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein, born on April 26th 1889 in Vienna, Austria, was a charismatic enigma. . Philosophers have indeed provided systematic theories of history, justice, the State, the natural … For Marcel, as Jay and Ryan argue, philosophical reflection is first and foremost the act of giving time to think about the meaning and purpose of life. Enter your email address and name below to be the first to know. Dharmodotta, is cited; but it is unclear that he would have been, had not Gettier made the same point some 1500 years later. The word philosophy is not much help. is itself an interesting question.) Save up to 80% by choosing the eTextbook option for ISBN: 9781260686425, 1260686426. Primary reflection is a kind of thinking that calculates, analyzes, or recounts past events. Considered philosophy and mathematics as good for the purification of the soul Gave importance to the contemplative life for this cathartic process of purification The primary constituent of reality would be numbers Heraclitus Known for his mystical nature of philosophy… It gives us evidence that an idea is no good because attempts to make it work lead to a degenerating research program. Search all of SparkNotes Search. The books arose out of his well-received classes on the history of twentieth century history at Princeton, and will be valuable to anyone teaching similar courses. 4. Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development, Kohlberg’s Six Stages of Moral Development, Freud’s Five Stages of Psychosexual Development. Williamson is alive to this possibility. According to Jay and Ryan, philosophical reflection is one of the important skills that one needs in doing philosophy. First, he overplays his hand concerning the success of classical logic. In that time, he has produced and defended many ideas that are novel, insightful, challenging. Conclusion: Therefore, the President of the Republic of the Philippines is mortal. Defining philosophy is as difficult as trying to define love. Cephalus, a rich, well-respected elder of the city, and host to the group, is the first to offer a definition of justice. Next, philosophy, Williamson tells us, starts from common sense, that is, 'what most members in a society know' (p. 8). But what the relevant community of inquirers holds to be correct may well not be common sense. In order to drive their point, Jay and Ryan appropriated Gabriel Marcel’s notion of philosophical reflection, which is deeply personal and is intimately anchored on day-to-day existence. Admittedly, this assumption has to be made on a case by case basis. Thus, for Marcel, according to Jay and Ryan, primary reflection cannot be a genuine thinking because it failed to make sense of the whole, of the mystery of life. Reviewed by Graham Priest, CUNY Graduate Center, University of Melbourne. As we already know, instrumental thinking is a “means-end” kind of thinking. Talking to a friend to try and work out a particular question of concern, or in a group. The difference between thinking about numbers and doing math is you take that thinking about numbers and apply it to problems. Doing Philosophy basically tells the student beginning philosophy at university everything they need to know. Moreover, Williamson sees philosophical method as one of combat (p. 19): Amongst philosophers, a lecture often matters less than what follows -- 'Q&A', the question-and-answer period. LESSON PLAN IN DOING PHILOSOPHY. Philosophical Reflection as a Way of Doing Philosophy. Furthermore, the ability to construct and evaluate arguments allows us to examine the ideas of other people. Doing Philosophy: An Introduction Through Thought Experiments, 3/e. . Premise 2: But the President of the Republic of the Philippines is a human being. Since classical logic is tacitly used throughout science, restricting it has a massive knock-on effect. Timothy Williamson, Doing Philosophy: From Common Curiosity to Logical Reasoning, Oxford University Press, 2018, 154pp., $18.95 (hbk), ISBN 9780198822516. Want to be notified when our article is published? ndpr@nd.edu, Doing Philosophy: From Common Curiosity to Logical Reasoning. From Plato to Foucault, we break down the main ideas in philosophical thought. For this reason, doing philosophy means to ask questions, to reflect, and to formulate and evaluate arguments. HTTP ERROR 503 Problem accessing /api/processFulltextDocument. Department of Philosophy In the end, these are some of the benefits of being able to do philosophy in a meaningful way that Jay and Ryan presented in the opening chapter of the book. DALLAS M. ROARK : Chapter I What is Philosophy? For classical logic is the same as LP, except that it adds an extra assumption: that truth and falsity do not overlap. This means philosophy tries to understand the reasons or basis for things. BY . For this reason, in doing philosophy, we must learn how to construct and evaluate arguments properly for it is with the use of arguments that we are able to express our thoughts in a clear and logical manner. Doing philosophy, on the other hand, is actively questioning and inquiring about the nature of our lives and different ways of understanding things. His definition of justice is an attempt to articulate the basic Hesiodic conception: that Related Papers. To do this, philosophy formulates theories which answer the questions in different ways; we then select -- fallibly and provisionally -- the theory which stands up best, given the familiar criteria of theory choice, such as adequacy to the data, simplicity, and unifying power. If there were a workable version of the verification principle, the positivists would have found it . This, he says (p. 95): has been more intensively tested than any non-classical logic, and found adequate, since it has been the background logic of mathematics and other sciences for millennia. Required fields are marked *. In Doing Philosophy ,Timothy Williamson tackles some of the key questions surrounding philosophy in new and provocative ways, showing how philosophy begins in common sense curiosity, and develops through our capacity to dispute rationally with each other. On p. 143 of the 'References and Further Reading' section, Williamson makes it clear that the book is about "analytic" -- as opposed to "continental" -- philosophy, though the text itself never mentions this qualification; and I, at least, prefer to spread my net of philosophical insight wider. INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY. Doing philosophy in order to ‘know thyself’ is a time-honoured task which is sufficient for philosophy to have a point for you, given your interest in gaining self-knowledge, though you will not be pursuing philosophy strictly for its own sake. Fundamental substance of reality is air Pythagoras He treated philosophy as a way of life. Dialogue. A philosopher is also a good communicator who can clearly and adequately present his or her ideas. It is clear to anyone familiar with the writings of Plato, Nietzsche, and the later Wittgenstein, that philosophical styles are many, and I found Williamson's take on philosophy somewhat anglo-centric. As we already know, when one is perplexed, as Aristotle would have us believe, one begins to think―in a sense, one begins to philosophize. Indeed, both philosophical reflection and the construction and evaluation of arguments are some of the necessary skills that we need in doing philosophy. It is clear, then, which theory is over-all simplest. Secondary reflection, on the other hand, is characterized by the act recapturing the unity of the original experience by gathering back together what has been separated by primary reflection. One important characteristic of doing philosophy properly, according to Jay and Ryan, is the ability to express and support one’s claim rationally. Suggestions. In other words, primary reflection is selfish thinking because it is instrumental thinking. Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA Williamson agrees that a Q&A can be carried out in a cooperative fashion, and that the institution of philosophy itself can be thought of as a cooperative enterprise (p. 25), but insists on its 'gladiatorial' (p. 20) nature. Indeed, this does not even have to be done on a case by case basis. So how do you do philosophy. However, sacred theology is nonetheless a science, since those who possess such a science can, for example, draw logical conclusions from the articles of faith, argue that one article of faith is logically consistent with the other articles of faith, and answer objections to the articles of faith, doing all of these things systematically, clearly, and with ease by drawing on the teachings of other sciences, including philosophy … But let this pass. For more on the difference between primary and secondary reflection, see Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “Gabriel Marce,” http://www.iep.utm.edu/marcel/. In the present book, Timothy Williamson gives us his answer to the question. Williamson's book does not address that question.) 'Philosophy for Everyone' contains clear and user-friendly chapters, chapter summaries, glossary, study questions, suggestions for further reading and guides to online resources. On the other hand, the construction and evaluation of arguments allows us to express our ideas in a systematic and logical way. In a different context, Williamson notes and appeals to the Lakatosian notion of a degenerating research program. Doing philosophy is like doing math. Philosophy is the study of underlying things. It is certainly not simply that philosophical questions are more general. Of course, there must be more to be said than this. John Dewey (1859–1952) developed extraordinarily influential educational and social theories that had a lasting influence on psychology, pedagogy, and political philosophy among other fields. Let me finish by returning to the book as a whole. This article briefly discusses the act of doing philosophy, which is one of the topics in the course Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person (IPHP K-12). LESSON PLAN IN DOING PHILOSOPHY. Now, this really is misleading. A brief conclusion ponders whether philosophy will survive against 'cultural prejudices' generated by a failure to understand what philosophy can legitimately offer. A philosopher enacts a Philosophy, a quest after wisdom. Categorical Logic: Terms and Propositions, Categorical Statements in Traditional Logic, Quantifying Statements in Categorical Logic, Disjunctive Syllogism: Rules of Inference, Qualitative Research Techniques: Delphi Technique, Research Designs, Methods, and Techniques, Syllabus: Comparative Philosophy of Education, Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy, Hegelian Dialectic: Meaning and Key Concepts, Emile Durkheim’s Sociological Theory: Key Concepts, Max Weber’s Sociological Theory: Key Concepts. If the failure of a few decades to find a version of the verification principle which could command consensus showed that it should be given up, how much more so the similar failure of a few millennia to find a consistent solution to the liar paradox? who iscommonly recognized as the founder of the process approach. Download. The fewremaining fragments of Heraclitus’ doctrine are ofteninterpreted as Now, using a paraconsistent logic allows for a particularly simple formal theory of truth: you have the T-schema, and that's it. Let me now take up one issue on which Williamson and I most certainly disagree. Part I. Definitions. One benefit of … I shall be relying on them as I teach such a course at Cornell. (What makes a question philosophical is, however, another touchy question. We are not like computers which simply manipulate information and are not self-aware. Anybody can do philosophy as long as she raises valid or intelligent questions, reflects meditatively, and argues in a logical manner. A Christmas Carol Premise 1: All human beings are mortal. Philosophy does no such thing. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. This is the hegemony of "classical" logic, particularly with respect to the paradoxes of self-reference. In the Western tradition it is the Greektheoretician Heraclitus of Ephesus (born ca. It cannot be denied that philosophers criticise each other's ideas, and that progress is made in this way. That is, if all human beings are indeed mortal and that the President of the Republic of the Philippines is a human being, then we have to accept the conclusion that the President of the Republic of the Philippines is mortal. They start with the discussion on the nature and dynamics of philosophical reflection. It comes close in style to books in the Oxford University Press Very Short Introduction series. People, East and West, have been doing philosophy for some two and a half millennia now; but how do you do philosophy? In this way, secondary reflection enables us to integrate our fragmented and compartmentalized experience into a coherent whole. What we can infer from the above discussion is that philosophical reflection provides us with a holistic picture of reality. This is surely a comment about the way in which philosophy is done in certain places (and at certain times) than about philosophy as such. The tips in the book about how to … 3. Doing Philosophy (See link below for more video lectures on Intro to Philosophy of the Human Person) - YouTube. Much reasoning in science and elsewhere is non-monotonic (aka, inductive). This is not to say, however, that professional philosophers and students of philosophy will find nothing of interest in the book. Asian traditions do get one look in. So rationality will be in making appropriate revisions. What a philosopher provides is a body of philosophic thought NOT a Philosophy. The history of process philosophy extends far into antiquity, both inEastern and Western thought. Elaine Lumbang. Indeed, philosophical reflection as a tool in doing philosophy allows as to deepen our understanding of ourselves, as well as our role and place in the world. And indeed, Williamson argues that there is much less difference between philosophy and other disciplines than many have taken there to be. Williamson and I both agree on anti-exceptionalism about logic. Turning to matters of substance: I'm very much in agreement with many of the points Willimson makes about methodology, such as the desirability of clarity, the use of imagination and suitably disciplined thought experiments, and the relevance of the history of philosophy to philosophy. ('Why?' 100 Malloy Hall You do not do experiments and analyse statistical data, as in physics; you do not deduce things from axioms, as in contemporary mathematics; you do not go and study archival material, as in history; you do not go on field expeditions, as in anthropology. We disagree about what this delivers. Feature Summary. Doing Philosophy: An Introduction Through Thought Experiments 6th Edition by Theodore Schick and Publisher McGraw-Hill Higher Education. If one wishes, one can take the underlying logic of all theories to be the same non-monotonic logic, which takes consistency as a default assumption. Wikiality, Truthiness, and Gut Thinking: Doing Philosophy Colbert-Style Introducing Philosophy through Pop Culture: From Socrates to South Park, Hume to House (William Irwin and David Kyle Johnson (eds. 52. For example, one may establish a relationship or friendship with somebody who is rich so that she may be able to borrow money in times of need. At least in one sense, classical logic is not simpler than paraconsistent logic, or at least LP. Classical reasoning is then automatically forthcoming, unless the rest of the theory forces things to be otherwise. Thus, (p. 23): When two senior philosophers argue some issue out with each other in public, with prestige at stake, it is often clear that neither of them will ever persuade the other; even so, it is not a waste of time if there are uncommitted graduate students in the audience, making up their own minds as to which of the two is having the better of the argument. More than 75 thought experiments describe the possible situations in which a particular theory should hold, encouraging students to … And those who know his work will recognise many familiar Williamsonian topics. The answer is anything but obvious. If we recall the discussion on the origin of philosophy, Aristotle, following Socrates, argued that philosophy begins in wonder or in the act of being perplexed. In the opening chapter on “Doing Philosophy” in the book titled Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person, Jay and Ryan remind us that the act of doing philosophy necessarily involves the act of asking questions, contemplating about the mystery of life, and constructing arguments and be able to rationally evaluate them in the end. Thus, philosophical reflection as a tool in doing philosophy enables us to see the interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples, actions and events, as well as our direct relation to them. Thus, if we are not able to justify our views or claims, then we are not doing philosophy. Your email address will not be published. But looked at in this way, the postulate of consistency simply becomes an extra postulate of the theory, which can be justified, as can be the rest of the theory, by the standard canons of rational theory-choice. To reiterate, philosophical reflection, on the one hand, enables us to look deeper into our experiences and see the bigger picture of reality. For this reason, although it may appear as a kind of selfish thinking when applied to human relations, primary reflection can be considered as another important tool in doing philosophy. Nor is this the whole of the story when it comes to dealing with the paradoxes of self-reference, especially the semantic paradoxes. At the very least, detailed investigations of theories from the history of science and mathematics would be required to show that their architecture deploys Frege/Russell logic (and in certain of these theories, such as the 18th century infinitesimal calculus, this clearly seems not to be so). That is when the speaker's arguments and conclusions are put to the test. Your email address will not be published. His life seems to have been dominated by an obsession with moral and philosophical perfec… And he has done this with a clarity and verve that few philosophers can match. 83% of the children who had philosophy (250 took part in the research) wanted more of it - both in written feedback and focus groups. Perhaps most notably, both Williamson and I both see philosophy as attempting to answer interesting questions in a disciplined, historically informed, way. Philosophizing with another taps into our urge as individuals to communicate- obtain ideas and perspectives of another. 560 B.C.E.) I would not concur with everything in Williamson's picture, however. What is Grand Narrative or Metanarrative? In this way, we do not only promote agreement and harmony, but also objective thinking. The book is written very much with the lay reader in mind. A section at the end of the book gives references for further reading (which include, naturally, many references to places where Williamson deploys the methods he endorses). By Jane Njeri. "Classical logic is OK in this case". In this way, primary reflection is a fragmented and compartmentalized thinking. (Avicenna on modal logic also gets cited, though since he is working in an Aristotelian tradition, I'd hardly count him as an Asian philosopher.) The present book, albeit brief and relatively informal, continues in the same mould. Philosophical inquiry (whether in the seminar room, pub, or research group) may be, and often is, carried out in a cooperative and collegial, if critical, way. Grant that classical logic is simpler than paraconsistent logic. In any case, many non-classical logics can do anything that classical logic can do when augmented with "contingent" assumptions concerning the domain about which we are reasoning. Applied to human relations, secondary reflection does not think of what it can practically get in a relationship. There are two types of philosophical reflection according to Marcel, namely, primary reflection and secondary reflection. As Jay and Ryan claim, Marcel’s notion of primary reflection can be expressed most visibly in our ability to think logically, that is, in the ability of the mind to construct and evaluate arguments. Those assumptions must be added on to all sorts of normal scientific explanations in non-paradoxical situations to make them work without granting the general validity of classical logic. To some, philosophy’s goal is a systematic worldview. Rational belief in philosophy, as in any other subject, is, then, situated. Philosophy requires a person to engage in analysis and interpretation of concepts, definitions, arguments, and problems. My philosophy is that not only are you responsible for your life, but doing the best at this moment puts you in the best place for the next moment. For the behavior of truth is also at issue. But reading philosophy is at its core an act of creation. In this argument, according to Jay and Ryan, we can see that if the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion must also be true. Philosophy as an Answer . ), Wiley-Blackwell, 2010). You would have to be blind to miss the point when reading philosophical texts (historical or contemporary, analytic or continental, East or West). This article has three basic purposes: (1) to provide an overview of the history of philosophy in the West, (2) to relate philosophical ideas and movements to their historical background and to the cultural history of their time, and (3) to trace the changing conception of the definition, the function, and the task of philosophy. We find references to Quine, Kripke, Wittgenstein, and Rawls, but there is no mention of Heidegger, Sartre, Gadamer, or Foucault. Philosophy is not a picking and choosing what body of thought one would like to call one's own or would like to believe in; a choice based upon personal preferences or feelings. As Williamson reminds us in its introduction, he has been doing philosophy now for something over 40 years. If we reject the conclusion, then we are making a logical error since it is what the premise entails. Thus (p. 108): That track record of failure is a more powerful argument against the very idea of the verification principle than the refutation of any specific version. Philosophy. READ PAPER. Applied to human relations, instrumental thinking thinks only of what it can practically get in a relationship. He has been something of a cult figure but shunned publicity and even built an isolated hut in Norway to live in complete seclusion. You are a philosopher when you can find a place to any fact, in heaven or earth. There are many anecdotes and personal comments. Let us consider one of the examples of arguments that Jay and Ryan provided in the book and see how they evaluate them. Thus, if we are not able to justify our views or claims, then we are not doing philosophy. He tells the story of the logical positivist's verification principle, and how it had to be modified again and again, getting nowhere. It might seem churlish to complain about Williamson's treatment of the matter in a context in which considerations are deliberately being kept simple; but simple does not have to be misleading. The topics include finding resources, reading philosophy, plagiarism, referencing, taking notes, seminar discussions, and more. Since "classical logic" was invented only around the turn of the 20th Century, the claim seems somewhat anachronistic. 53. 51. In this way, one does not necessarily have to be a graduate of a philosophy degree in order for one to do philosophy. I'm not sure that it makes sense to say that philosophy starts from anywhere. The print version of this textbook is ISBN: 9780078119170, 0078119170. This course companion to the 'Introduction to Philosophy' course was written by the Edinburgh Philosophy team expressly with the needs of MOOC students in mind. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. You do not do experiments and analyse statistical data, as in physics; you do not deduce things from axioms, as in contemporary mathematics; you do not go and study archival material, as in history; you do not go on field expeditions, as in anthropology. Boys (86%) enjoyed the philosophy sessions, girls (81%). Adding the assumption of Explosion (everything follows from a contradiction) -- for this is what a classicality assumption amounts to here -- does not 'mess up' the explanation: indeed, it preserves it. Moreover, there are not 'numerous' extra assumptions: there is just one, Explosion (that is, the assumption that the situation is consistent). On the contrary, Williamson does not mind treading on philosophical toes. Messing up elegant scientific explanations with numerous extra assumptions made up as one goes along reduces the power of those explanations all over science. “At one time I thought the most important thing was talent. One of the common ways to do philosophy is to chose a specific philosopher’s view on a … A short summary of this paper. Curious about the major works and figures in the study of the nature of reality and existence? 2. But Williamson and I would both extend the methodology quite generally: there are no exceptions. Indeed, the style is very much familiar Williamson. Jay and Ryan proceeded to articulate the specificity of the approaches to doing philosophy. He says (p. 93): Arguably, dialetheists underestimate the costs of abandoning classical logic. Teachers’ view: The teachers who watch the sessions and headteachers of the schools all claim a benefit in doing philosophy. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. He writes in his usual, forthright, take-no-prisoners, style. This methodology, as applied to logic, has come to be called 'anti-exceptionalism': logic is no exception to a more general methodology. One thing we certainly know is that if one sticks to classical logic, the theory of truth, whatever it is, must be more complex than this by several orders of magnitude. Hand, the President of the nature of reality is air Pythagoras treated... As in any other subject, is hardly more general to say that philosophy starts from anywhere say however. 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Is much less difference between philosophy and religion are connected and merged into one sense to say,.. Brief and relatively informal, continues in the book and See how they evaluate them but does! Unselfish thinking that Jay and Ryan, when Marcel speaks of “ philosophical and... Refers to “ secondary reflection for Marcel is genuine or unselfish thinking the first to know Williamson argues that is... Continues in the book and See how they evaluate them ambiguous but he was probably ;. Logical manner we are not able to justify our views or claims, then we are not able to our! Helpful comments on an earlier draft of this argument inevitably lead us to this particular conclusion, then are..., take-no-prisoners, style, dialetheists underestimate the costs of abandoning classical logic '' was invented only around the of. Lakatosian notion of a degenerating research program abandoning classical logic and West ) has been an on-going process of..: Therefore, the claim seems doing philosophy summary anachronistic ambiguous but he was probably gay ; how so... Thinking is a kind of thinking more to be said about this book is written much...
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