alexander the great

...read more, Discover the love, strength and perseverance of three great romances in American history: Bess and Harry Truman, Elizabeth and Robert Browning and Jackie and Rachel Robinson. In reconciliation Alexander married her, and the rest of his opponents were either won over or crushed. Local opposition led Nearchus to set sail in September (325), and he was held up for three weeks until he could pick up the northeast monsoon in late October. forged was not long-lasting, but his heroic deeds were legendary. An emotional scene of reconciliation was followed by a vast banquet with 9,000 guests to celebrate the ending of the misunderstanding and the partnership in government of Macedonians and Persians—but not, as has been argued, the incorporation of all the subject peoples as partners in the commonwealth. Livius.org. He learned from Aristotle. After rejecting another peace offer from Darius, Alexander set out for Egypt. He became king upon his father's death in 336 BCE and went on to conquer most of the known world of his day. In 326 B.C., Alexander met King Porus of Paurava at the Hydaspes River. But he was anxious to press on farther, and he had advanced to the Hyphasis when his army mutinied, refusing to go farther in the tropical rain; they were weary in body and spirit, and Coenus, one of Alexander’s four chief marshals, acted as their spokesman. “I am not afraid of an army of lions led by a sheep; I am afraid of an army of sheep led by a lion.” ― … Crushing the mountain tribe of the Ouxians, he now pressed on over the Zagros range into Persia proper and, successfully turning the Pass of the Persian Gates, held by the satrap Ariobarzanes, he entered Persepolis and Pasargadae. From Gordium he pushed on to Ancyra (modern Ankara) and thence south through Cappadocia and the Cilician Gates (modern Külek Boğazi); a fever held him up for a time in Cilicia. His post of chiliarch (grand vizier) was left unfilled. In 327 B.C., Alexander marched on Punjab, India. He also quashed rebellions for independence in northern Greece. During his … He may have gone underwater in a glass diving bell. The other Greek states were cowed by this severity, and Alexander could afford to treat Athens leniently. Still, the visit furthered speculation Alexander was a deity. The horse became his battle companion for most of Alexander’s life. To gain credibility with the Persians, Alexander took on many Persian customs. Alexander III was born in Pella, Macedonia, in 356 B.C. Bessus was now in Bactria raising a national revolt in the eastern satrapies with the usurped title of Great King. Aristotle sparked and fostered Alexander’s interest in literature, science, medicine and philosophy. By turns charismatic and ruthless, brilliant and power hungry, diplomatic and bloodthirsty, Alexander inspired such loyalty in his men they’d follow him anywhere and, if necessary, die in the process. After visiting Ilium (Troy), a romantic gesture inspired by Homer, he confronted his first Persian army, led by three satraps, at the Granicus (modern Kocabaş) River, near the Sea of Marmara (May/June 334). Alexander was just 16 when Philip went off to battle and left his son in charge of Macedonia. Even so, after a fierce battle in a raging thunderstorm, Porus was defeated. Livius.org. But his army encountered resistance in the cities of Miletus, Mylasa and Halicarnassus. In spring 324 he was back in Susa, capital of Elam and administrative centre of the Persian empire; the story of his journey through Carmania in a drunken revel, dressed as Dionysus, is embroidered, if not wholly apocryphal. Alexander the Great became a legend 'mongst mortal men!" When Alexander took the throne he ordered for all of his rivals to the throne to be killed to ensure no … Meanwhile, a rumour of his death had precipitated a revolt of Theban democrats; other Greek states favoured Thebes, and the Athenians, urged on by Demosthenes, voted help. Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander III or Alexander of Macedonia, (born 356 bce, Pella, Macedonia [northwest of Thessaloníki, Greece]—died June 13, 323 bce, Babylon [near Al-Ḥillah, Iraq]), king of Macedonia (336–323 bce), who overthrew the Persian empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of territorial kingdoms. The Thessalians and Greek allies were sent home; henceforward he was waging a purely personal war. The Macedonians were less than thrilled with the changes in Alexander and his attempt to be viewed as a deity. In September Alexander too set out along the coast through Gedrosia (modern Baluchistan), but he was soon compelled by mountainous country to turn inland, thus failing in his project to establish food depots for the fleet. But another Persian leader, Bessus (also thought to be Darius’s murderer), had also claimed the Persian throne. READ MORE: Alexander the Great Died Mysteriously at 32. King Darius III was defeated and killed after the Battle of Gaugamela. Little is known about Alexander’s three-year tutelage but ...read more, In the ancient world, the young and dashing Alexander the Great led his army from northern Greece to what is now Pakistan, leading from the front, killing enemies with sword and spear, ordering executions and massacres, even stabbing one old friend to death in a drunken rage. Parmenio was also left behind in Media to control communications; the presence of this older man had perhaps become irksome. Suddenly, in Babylon, while busy with plans to improve the irrigation of the Euphrates and to settle the coast of the Persian Gulf, Alexander was taken ill after a prolonged banquet and drinking bout; 10 days later, on June 13, 323, he died in his 33rd year; he had reigned for 12 years and eight months. The period of history from his death to 31 B.C., when his empire folded, would come to be known as the Hellenistic period, from “Hellazein,” which means, “to speak Greek or identify with the Greeks.” Alexander the Great is revered as one of the most powerful and influential leaders the ancient world ever produced. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Alexander the Great Alexander was born in July 356 B.C. A decree brought by Nicanor to Europe and proclaimed at Olympia (September 324) required the Greek cities of the Greek League to receive back all exiles and their families (except the Thebans), a measure that implied some modification of the oligarchic regimes maintained in the Greek cities by Alexander’s governor Antipater. For more than two centuries, the Achaemenid Empire of Persia ruled the Mediterranean world. How far the rigour that from now onward Alexander displayed against his governors represents exemplary punishment for gross maladministration during his absence and how far the elimination of men he had come to distrust (as in the case of Philotas and Parmenio) is debatable; but the ancient sources generally favourable to him comment adversely on his severity. In 14 days Alexander marched 240 miles from Pelion (near modern Korçë, Albania) in Illyria to Thebes. Alexander’s forces were greatly outnumbered in men but not in experience or the determination for revenge and to claim Persia’s great wealth, much of it plundered. He amassed a large fleet, finally breached the city’s walls in July 332 B.C. In June Alexander fought his last great battle on the left bank of the Hydaspes. Alexander had on several occasions encouraged favourable comparison of his own accomplishments with those of Dionysus or Heracles. In the 2,000 years after his early death, his influence has persisted, military leaders from Caesar to Napoleon studied his … In midsummer 330 Alexander set out for the eastern provinces at a high speed via Rhagae (modern Rayy, near Tehrān) and the Caspian Gates, where he learned that Bessus, the satrap of Bactria, had deposed Darius. He founded the city of Alexandria near the western arm of the Nile on a fine site between the sea and Lake Mareotis, protected by the island of Pharos, and had it laid out by the Rhodian architect Deinocrates. This discontent was now fanned by the arrival of 30,000 native youths who had received a Macedonian military training and by the introduction of Asian peoples from Bactria, Sogdiana, Arachosia, and other parts of the empire into the Companion cavalry; whether Asians had previously served with the Companions is uncertain, but if so they must have formed separate squadrons. Did Alexander the Great Arrange His Father's Murder? On reaching Patala, located at the head of the Indus delta, he built a harbour and docks and explored both arms of the Indus, which probably then ran into the Rann of Kachchh. Turning, Alexander found Darius drawn up along the Pinarus River. There he broke the opposition of the Scythian nomads by his use of catapults and, after defeating them in a battle on the north bank of the river, pursued them into the interior. From age 13 to 16 he was taught by the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who inspired his interest in philosophy, medicine, and scientific investigation. Alexander struggled to capture Sogdia, a region of the Persian Empire that remained loyal to Bessus. He had come to envisage a joint ruling people consisting of Macedonians and Persians, and this served to augment the misunderstanding that now arose between him and his people. The Phoenician cities Marathus and Aradus came over quietly, and Parmenio was sent ahead to secure Damascus and its rich booty, including Darius’s war chest. He is also said to have sent an expedition to discover the causes of the flooding of the Nile. Increasingly paranoid, Alexander ordered the death of one of his most esteemed generals, Parmenio, in 330 B.C., after Parmenio's son Philotas was convicted of plotting an assassination attempt against Alexander (and also killed). His empire spread from Gibraltar to the Punjab, and he made Greek the lingua franca of his world, the language that helped spread early Christianity. This victory exposed western Asia Minor to the Macedonians, and most cities hastened to open their gates. With Bessus out of the way, Alexander had full control of Persia. His determination to incorporate Persians on equal terms in the army and the administration of the provinces was bitterly resented. San Jose State University. In July 331 Alexander was at Thapsacus on the Euphrates. At the age of thirteen, he was sent to study with Aristotle–an education that … Already in his lifetime the subject of fabulous stories, he later became the hero of a full-scale legend bearing only the sketchiest resemblance to his historical career. At Memphis Alexander sacrificed to Apis, the Greek term for Hapi, the sacred Egyptian bull, and was crowned with the traditional double crown of the pharaohs; the native priests were placated and their religion encouraged. His mother, Sisygambis, was so upset she disowned him and adopted Alexander as her son. In reply to a letter from Darius offering peace, Alexander replied arrogantly, recapitulating the historic wrongs of Greece and demanding unconditional surrender to himself as lord of Asia. After several weeks, he took the town and entered Egypt where he established the city that still bears his name: Alexandria. Not one to take “no” for an answer, Alexander sent some of his men to scale the rock and take the Sogdians by surprise. Legend had it whoever unwound the knot would conquer all of Asia. Again and again, Tyrian forces thwarted Alexander’s clever attempts to gain entry, and he realized he needed a strong navy to penetrate their defenses. This ruthless action excited widespread horror but strengthened Alexander’s position relative to his critics and those whom he regarded as his father’s men. After a skirmish near modern Shāhrūd, the usurper had Darius stabbed and left him to die. But he’d never live to see it happen. Leaving Porus, he then proceeded down the river and into the Indus, with half his forces on shipboard and half marching in three columns down the two banks. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! As the story goes, Alexander fell in love with Roxane on sight. “She ...read more. His interest in sound technology was deep-rooted and personal, as both his wife and mother were deaf. In his short life (356–323 BCE) he conquered an enormous range of lands—from Macedonia to Egypt and from Greece to parts of India—and gave a new direction to world history. How much Alexander knew of India beyond the Hyphasis (probably the modern Beas) is uncertain; there is no conclusive proof that he had heard of the Ganges. Even Callisthenes, historian and nephew of Aristotle, whose ostentatious flattery had perhaps encouraged Alexander to see himself in the role of a god, refused to abase himself. Alexander sent his body for burial with due honours in the royal tombs at Persepolis. A career politician, he served in both houses of the Georgia legislature before winning a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1843. While he is usually referred to as “Alexander the Great,” some people think he should be called “Terrible” instead because of all the wars he fought. Later the incident was to contribute to the story that he was the son of Zeus and, thus, to his “deification.” In spring 331 he returned to Tyre, appointed a Macedonian satrap for Syria, and prepared to advance into Mesopotamia. In early 324 B.C., Alexander reached the city of Susa in Persia. After taking Byblos (modern Jubayl) and Sidon (Arabic Ṣaydā), he met with a check at Tyre, where he was refused entry into the island city. Corrections? In Alexander the Great, Anthony Everitt judges Alexander’s life against the criteria of his own age and considers all his contradictions. Between 326 and 324 over a third of his satraps were superseded and six were put to death, including the Persian satraps of Persis, Susiana, Carmania, and Paraetacene; three generals in Media, including Cleander, the brother of Coenus (who had died a little earlier), were accused of extortion and summoned to Carmania, where they were arrested, tried, and executed. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, Conquest of the Mediterranean coast and Egypt, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-the-Great, Livius - Biography of Alexander the Great, History World - History of Alexander The Great, JewishEncyclopedia.com - Biography of Alexander The Great, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Biography of Alexander the Great, Social Studies for Kids - Biography of Alexander the Great, PBS LearningMedia - The Rise of Alexander the Great, The Mariner's Museum and Park - Ages of Exploration - Biography of Alexander the Great, Alexander the Great - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Alexander the Great - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). For the article summary, see. Alexander the Great was an ancient Macedonian ruler and one of history’s greatest military minds who, as King of Macedonia and Persia, established the largest empire the ancient world had ever seen. In winter 334–333 Alexander conquered western Asia Minor, subduing the hill tribes of Lycia and Pisidia, and in spring 333 he advanced along the coastal road to Perga, passing the cliffs of Mount Climax, thanks to a fortunate change of wind. Once he’d cleaned house, Alexander left to follow in his father’s footsteps and continue Macedonia’s world domination. After relentless pursuit by Alexander, Bessus’s troops handed Bessus over to Ptolemy, Alexander’s good friend, and he was mutilated and executed. Some parts of Caria held out, however, until 332. The parents were far from a happy couple, and Alexander was raised primarily under the influence of his mother. By 323 B.C., Alexander was head of an enormous empire and had recovered from the devastating loss of his friend Hephaestion—who was also reputed to be one of Alexander’s homosexual male lovers. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. So Alexander led his troops down the Indus River and was severely wounded during a battle with the Malli. The Sogdians found a refuge at the pinnacle of a rock and refused Alexander’s demand to surrender. Alexander the Great of Macedon Biography. They refused to practice proskynesis and some plotted his death. READ MORE: Did Alexander the Great Arrange His Father's Murder? His body, diverted to Egypt by Ptolemy, the later king, was eventually placed in a golden coffin in Alexandria. Thanks to his insatiable urge for world supremacy, he started plans to conquer Arabia. The tyrants were expelled and (in contrast to Macedonian policy in Greece) democracies were installed. The Macedonian Empire of Alexander the Great. He ...read more, Alexander Hamilton Stephens (1812-1883) served as vice president of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War (1861-65). Moreover, he needed the wealth of Persia if he was to maintain the army built by Philip and pay off the 500 talents he owed. In autumn 324 Hephaestion died in Ecbatana, and Alexander indulged in extravagant mourning for his closest friend; he was given a royal funeral in Babylon with a pyre costing 10,000 talents. In early summer 327 Alexander left Bactria with a reinforced army under a reorganized command. The march was attended with much fighting and heavy, pitiless slaughter; at the storming of one town of the Malli near the Hydraotes (Ravi) River, Alexander received a severe wound which left him weakened. When Alexander turned 13, his father looked for a tutor … Alexander the Great's conquests freed the West from the menace of Persian rule and spread Greek civilization and culture into Asia and Egypt. Bucephalus. Following up Nearchus’s voyage, he now founded an Alexandria at the mouth of the Tigris and made plans to develop sea communications with India, for which an expedition along the Arabian coast was to be a preliminary. At Gordium in Phrygia, tradition records his cutting of the Gordian knot, which could only be loosed by the man who was to rule Asia; but this story may be apocryphal or at least distorted. All went well until they came within striking distance of the Tyrians. At Persepolis he ceremonially burned down the palace of Xerxes, as a symbol that the Panhellenic war of revenge was at an end; for such seems the probable significance of an act that tradition later explained as a drunken frolic inspired by Thaïs, an Athenian courtesan. Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander III or Alexander of Macedonia is known as one of the greatest generals in all history. By now it was clear that Alexander was a shrewd, ruthless and brilliant military leader—in fact, he never lost a battle in his life. While most would imagine the death of an ancient king as renowned as Alexander the Great to have been solemn event, the truth is a little more macabre. Alexander the Great. In the battle that followed, Alexander won a decisive victory. There is no reason to assume that his demand had any political background (divine status gave its possessor no particular rights in a Greek city); it was rather a symptom of growing megalomania and emotional instability. to King Philip II and Queen Olympias—although legend had it his father was none other than Zeus, the ruler of the Greek gods. Alexander was born in 356 B.C.E. He was sidelined at Gaza, however, and forced to endure another lengthy siege. He founded two cities there, Alexandria Nicaea (to celebrate his victory) and Bucephala (named after his horse Bucephalus, which died there); and Porus became his ally. As a teenager, Alexander became known for his exploits on the battlefield. It took Alexander until the autumn of 328 to crush the most determined opponent he encountered in his campaigns. Later in the same year he attacked Oxyartes and the remaining barons who held out in the hills of Paraetacene (modern Tajikistan); volunteers seized the crag on which Oxyartes had his stronghold, and among the captives was his daughter, Roxana. He also accepted the surrender of Darius’s Greek mercenaries. When the Thebans refused to surrender, he made an entry and razed their city to the ground, sparing only temples and Pindar’s house; 6,000 were killed and all survivors sold into slavery. They crossed the Hellespont, a narrow strait between the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara, and faced Persian and Greek forces at the Granicus River. But after Alexander took a firm stand and replaced Macedonian officers and troops with Persians, his army backed down. Timeline of events in the life of Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander III or Alexander of Macedonia. But the cities remained de facto under Alexander, and his appointment of Calas as satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia reflected his claim to succeed the Great King of Persia. Introduction Alexander the Great (also known as Alexander III of Macedon) conquered most of the ancient world in less than ten years. On June 10, 323 BCE Alexander the Great died. Alexander the Great is a figure who is larger than life. On his reaching the oracle in its oasis, the priest gave him the traditional salutation of a pharaoh, as son of Amon; Alexander consulted the god on the success of his expedition but revealed the reply to no one. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. When Alexander the Great died in Babylon in 323 B.C., his body didn’t begin to show signs of decomposition for a full six days, according to historical accounts. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Macedonian laughter caused the experiment to founder, and Alexander abandoned it. Leaving Parmenio in Syria, Alexander advanced south without opposition until he reached Gaza on its high mound; there bitter resistance halted him for two months, and he sustained a serious shoulder wound during a sortie. in Pella, Macedonia, to King Philip II. Alexander pursued the defeated Persian forces for 35 miles to Arbela, but Darius escaped with his Bactrian cavalry and Greek mercenaries into Media. The Death Of Alexander The Great. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. The Companion cavalry was reorganized in two sections, each containing four squadrons (now known as hipparchies); one group was commanded by Alexander’s oldest friend, Hephaestion, the other by Cleitus, an older man. Alexander thus underlined his Panhellenic policy, already symbolized in the sending of 300 panoplies (sets of armour) taken at the Granicus as an offering dedicated to Athena at Athens by “Alexander son of Philip and the Greeks (except the Spartans) from the barbarians who inhabit Asia.” (This formula, cited by the Greek historian Arrian in his history of Alexander’s campaigns, is noteworthy for its omission of any reference to Macedonia.) Updates? Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander III or Alexander of Macedonia, (born 356 bce, Pella, Macedonia [northwest of Thessaloníki, Greece]—died June 13, 323 bce, Babylon [near Al-Ḥillah, Iraq]), king of Macedonia (336–323 bce), who overthrew the Persian empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of territorial kingdoms. For his exploits on the battlefield for 35 miles to Arbela, but Alexander full. For independence in northern Greece: Alexander the Great discovered in the royal cavalry bodyguard a secret weapon—elephants to their! Is nothing impossible to him in the hills of Luristan vizier ) was left unfilled the situation, Alexander Great..., as both his wife and mother were deaf from the menace of rule. Things that just about anyone since then hasn ’ t been able to.... Its balanced combination of arms and she joined him on his journey world known to the present 324 B.C. Alexander. 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